The effect of side-chain length of cellulose fatty acid esters on their thermal, barrier and mechanical properties

Bio-based films were prepared by acylation of cellulose with saturated, unsaturated and branched fatty acids. The products showed increased thermal stability, low water vapour transmission rates and enhanced tensile and elastic properties.

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SELECTIVITY OF CANDIDA RUGOSA LIPASE IMMOBILIZED ONTO LAYERED DOUBLE HYDROXIDES AS CATALYST IN SYNTHESIS OF FATTY ACID ESTERS

Jurnal Teknologi ◽

10.11113/jt.v78.8647 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 78 (5-6) ◽

Author(s):

Mohd Basyaruddin Abdul Rahman ◽

Siti Salhah Othman ◽

Noor Mona Md Yunus

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Chain Length ◽

Candida Rugosa ◽

Candida Rugosa Lipase ◽

Carbon Chain ◽

Fatty Acid Esters ◽

Carbon Chain Length ◽

Chain Lengths ◽

Acid Esters

The enzymatic selectivity of Lipase from Candida rugosa immobilized onto a calcined layered double hydroxide (CLDHs-CRL) towards the chain-length of fatty acids and alcohols in the synthesis of fatty acid esters was investigated. The results showed that CMAN-CRL catalyzed the esterification process with fatty acids of medium chain lengths (C10-C14) effectively while, CNAN-CRL and CZAN-CRL exhibited high percentage conversion in fatty acids with carbon chain lengths of C8-C12 and C10-C18, respectively. In the alcohol selectivity study, CMAN-CRL showed high selectivity toward alcohols with carbon chain lengths of C4, C6 and C10. On the other hand, both CNAN-CRL and CZAN-CRL exhibited rather low selectivity towards longer carbon chain length of alcohols.

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Impact of Selected Cosmetic Ingredients on Common Microorganisms of Healthy Human Skin

Cosmetics ◽

10.3390/cosmetics6030045 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 6 (3) ◽

pp. 45 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Dorota Dobler ◽

Thomas Schmidts ◽

Sören Wildenhain ◽

Ilona Seewald ◽

Michael Merzhäuser ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Human Skin ◽

Chain Length ◽

Skin Diseases ◽

Free Acid ◽

Fatty Alcohols ◽

Fatty Acid Esters ◽

Bacterial Strains ◽

Acid Esters

Human skin is a complex ecosystem and is host to a large number of microorganisms. When the bacterial ecosystem is balanced and differentiated, skin remains healthy. However, the use of cosmetics can change this balance and promote the appearance of skin diseases. The skin’s microorganisms can utilize some cosmetic components, which either promote their growth, or produce metabolites that influence the skin environment. In this study, we tested the ability of the Malassezia species and some bacterial strains to assimilate substances frequently used in dermal formulations. The growth capability of microorganisms was determined and their lipase activity was analyzed. The growth of all Malassezia spp. in the presence of free acids, free acid esters, and fatty alcohols with a fatty chain length above 12 carbon atoms was observed. No growth was observed in the presence of fatty alcohol ethers, secondary fatty alcohols, paraffin- and silicon-based substances, polymers, polyethylene glycols, quaternary ammonium salts, hydroxy fatty acid esters, or fatty acids and fatty acid esters with a fatty chain length shorter than 12 carbon atoms. The hydrolysis of esters by Malassezia lipases was detected using High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC). The production of free fatty acids as well as fatty alcohols was observed. The growth promotion or inhibition of bacterial strains was only found in the presence of a few ingredients. Based on these results, formulations containing microbiome inert ingredients were developed.

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Estimating the average carbon chain length of saturated fatty acid esters by infrared spectroscopy

Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society ◽

10.1007/bf02638124 ◽

1962 ◽

Vol 39 (6) ◽

pp. 304-305 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

P. G. Keeney

Keyword(s):

Infrared Spectroscopy ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Chain Length ◽

Saturated Fatty Acid ◽

Carbon Chain ◽

Fatty Acid Esters ◽

Carbon Chain Length ◽

Acid Esters

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Bioengineering of emulsifier structure: emulsan analogs

Canadian Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1139/m97-053 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 43 (4) ◽

pp. 384-390 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Alexander Gorkovenko ◽

Jinwen Zhang ◽

Richard A. Gross ◽

Alfred L. Allen ◽

David L. Kaplan

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Carbon Source ◽

Chain Length ◽

Acinetobacter Calcoaceticus ◽

Chain Structure ◽

Fatty Acid Esters ◽

Side Chain ◽

Rag 1 ◽

Chain Lengths

Strategies were investigated to modulate the side chain structure of emulsans formed by Acinetobacter calcoaceticus RAG-1. Analysis of emulsan fatty acid side chain groups by gas chromatography – mass spectrometry (GC–MS) revealed that by providing the exogenous n-alkanoic fatty acids 15:0, 16:0, and 17:0, emulsan analogs were formed with 53, 46, and 44 mol%, respectively, of fatty acid substituents with chain lengths equal to that of the carbon source. In contrast, the increase in emulsan fatty acids of chain lengths less than 15 or greater than 17 by providing corresponding shorter and longer chain length fatty acids as carbon sources was not substantial. When [1-13C]-labeled (99% enriched) palmitic acid was used as a carbon source along with acetate, analysis of m/z 75/14 and 87/88 isotopomer ratios by GC-MS indicated that 84 and 86% of the 16:0 and 16:1 (9-cis) side groups, respectively, were incorporated intact from the 16:0 carbon source. The percentage of 14-, 15-, 16-, 17-, and 18-carbon chain length fatty acid esters that were monounsaturated were 11, 26, 50, 70, and 85%, respectively. Based on the observed percentage of unsaturated chain length dependence and almost identical enrichment at C-1 of 16:0 and 16:1 (9-cis) side groups from [1-13C]-labeled experiments, it was concluded that desaturation of preformed n-alkanoic acids was the predominant mechanism of their formation. Further work established correlations between side chain structure and product emulsification specificity/activity, so that bioengineered emulsans with improved selectivity can now be formed.Key words: emulsan, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus RAG-1, fatty acids, direct incorporation, emulsification activity.

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THE SEPARATION OF SATURATED AND UNSATURATED FATTY ACID ESTERS BY GAS–LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY

Canadian Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.1139/v58-190 ◽

1958 ◽

Vol 36 (9) ◽

pp. 1297-1301 ◽

Cited By ~ 53

Author(s):

B. M. Craig ◽

N. L. Murty

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid ◽

Chain Length ◽

Methyl Esters ◽

Carbon Number ◽

Fats And Oils ◽

Fatty Acid Esters ◽

Gas Liquid Chromatography ◽

Silicone Grease ◽

Degree Of Unsaturation ◽

Acid Esters

Fatty acid methyl esters are separated according to chain length by using washed silicone grease supported on 20–40 mesh C22 firebrick. By using a plasticizer on the firebrick support the same esters are separated according to both chain length and degree of unsaturation. Together the two procedures can be used to determine the component fatty acids in fats and oils. Nearly parallel linear relations are obtained for saturated, monoethenoid, diethenoid, and triethenoid methyl esters when the logarithm of emergence time is plotted against the carbon number of the fatty acid.

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The occurrence of long-chain polyprenols in leaves of plants of Combretaceae family.

Acta Biochimica Polonica ◽

10.18388/abp.1996_4468 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 43 (4) ◽

pp. 707-711 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

V Kulcitsky ◽

J Hertel ◽

E Skoczylas ◽

E Swiezewska ◽

T Chojnacki

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid ◽

Chain Length ◽

Plant Species ◽

Dry Mass ◽

Fatty Acid Esters ◽

Combretum Molle ◽

Acid Esters ◽

Long Chain

The presence of poly-cis-prenols of chain length 20-60 isoprene units or longer in leaves of plants belonging to Combretaceae family was shown to be a common feature in this group of plants. The polyprenols of this type were found in half of the 20 species studied. In most cases the polyprenols occurred in the form of fatty acid esters. Only in one species--Combretum molle, the polyprenols were found in the form of free alcohols. The amount of long-chain polyprenols varied with the plant species; the richest source was C. molle (about 4% of dry mass of leaves). Polyprenol groups characteristic of other systematic families of plants were not found in the Combretaceae studied.

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