scholarly journals Anger Responses in Adolescents: Relationship with Punishment and Reward Sensitivity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. J. Kreuze ◽  
P. J. de Jong ◽  
E. C. Bennik ◽  
M. H. Nauta
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Indirect Effect ◽  
Treatment Effectiveness ◽  
Reward Sensitivity ◽  
Substantial Proportion ◽  
Perceived Threat ◽  
High Reward ◽  
Punishment Sensitivity ◽  
Trait Factors

AbstractA substantial proportion of youth with anxiety disorders shows comorbid behavioral (anger) problems. Such comorbid profile is associated with low treatment effectiveness and negative (longterm) outcomes. This study was therefore designed to examine trait factors that may promote anger responding in adolescents. By presenting participants (N = 158, mean age = 15.7, 56% female) with a series of common anger-eliciting situations, we tested whether high reward sensitivity would be associated with anger via perceived non-reward, and high punishment sensitivity via perceived threat. In line with the hypotheses, an indirect effect of reward sensitivity on anger was found via perceived non-reward, and an indirect effect of punishment sensitivity on anger via perceived threat. The latter association also had an indirect effect via perceived non-reward. High punishment and reward sensitivity may thus set adolescents at risk for developing (comorbid) anger problems via heightened threat and non-reward perceptions.

scholarly journals Explaining the association between urbanicity and psychotic-like experiences in adolescence: The indirect effect of urban exposures

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abhishek Saxena ◽  
David Dodell-Feder
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Indirect Effect ◽  
Public Health Intervention ◽  
The United States ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Income Disparity ◽  
Lead Paint ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Worldwide Phenomenon ◽  
One Year

Urban living is a growing worldwide phenomenon with more than two-thirds of people expected to live in cities by 2050. Although there are many benefits to living in an urban environment, urbanicity has also been associated with deleterious health outcomes, including increased risk for psychotic outcomes particularly when the urban exposure occurs in adolescence. However, the mechanisms underlying this association is unclear. Here, we utilize one-year follow-up data from a large (N=7,979), nationwide study of adolescence in the United States to clarify why urbanicity might impact psychotic-like experiences (PLE) by looking at the indirect effect of eight candidate urbanicity-related physical (e.g., pollution) and social (e.g., poverty) exposures. Consistent with other work, we find that of the evaluated exposures related to urbanicity, several were also related to increased number of PLE and associated distress: PM2.5, proximity to roads, census-level homes at-risk for exposure to lead paint, census-level poverty, and census-level income-disparity. Mediation analysis revealed that a substantial proportion the urbanicity-PLE association could be explained by PM2.5 (23% of the urbanicity-PLE number association), families in poverty (57-67% of the urbanicity-PLE number and distress association), and income disparity (55-66% of the urbanicity-PLE number and distress association). Together, these findings suggest that specific urban-related exposures might help to explain why those in urban environments are disproportionately at-risk for psychosis and point towards areas for public health intervention.

scholarly journals Vitamin D monitoring and management within men's secure services

BJPsych Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (S1) ◽  
pp. S337-S338
Author(s):  
Jason Niblett ◽  
Shay-Anne Pantall ◽  
Anis Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Vitamin D ◽  
Vitamin D Deficiency ◽  
Treatment Effectiveness ◽  
Average Length ◽  
Vitamin D Insufficiency ◽  
Vitamin D Supplementation ◽  
High Rate ◽  
List Type ◽  
Electronic Patient Records

AimsTo audit the investigation, identification and treatment of Vitamin D deficiency within Men's Secure Services.BackgroundVitamin D and/or vitamin D deficiency has been suggested to play a role in the pathogenesis of mental illness. There is evidence that Vitamin D inadequacy is pandemic among rehabilitation patients in inpatient settings. Patients within secure hospitals are similarly considered to be at high risk, due to their limited solar exposure during often lengthy admissions. It has been suggested that these patients should be considered an ‘at-risk’ cohort, for whom Vitamin D supplementation should be routine. Men's secure services in Birmingham comprise of two medium secure units and a low secure rehabilitation unit. Here we present an audit of Vitamin D monitoring and treatment completed in 2019.MethodA three year retrospective review of electronic patient records, for all inpatients admitted within men's secure services as of 1 September 2019 (n = 188). Standards were based on the Trust accepted guidelines for management of Vitamin D deficiency.ResultKey findings included:- The majority of inpatients were Caucasian (43%) and African-Caribbean (24%). Ages ranged from 18 to 70, with a mean age of 39.Approximately two-thirds (65%) had been in hospital for over a year, of which 44% had been admitted for more than 3 years. The average length of admission was 885 days.Only 47% of patients had their Vitamin D level checked within the study period.Of those checked, 24% were tested within 1 month of admission. The mean duration between admission and Vitamin D testing was 464 days.Results ranged from 10.3 to 118.5nmol/L. A high rate of Vitamin D deficiency was identified (54%), whilst a further 16% had ‘inadequate’ levels.23% of those identified as requiring treatment did not receive any supplementation, whilst 59% of those with sufficient Vitamin D were prescribed treatment.Only 48% had their levels rechecked following treatment; of these, only 59% now had an adequate Vitamin D status.ConclusionThis audit demonstrates limited Vitamin D monitoring within male forensic inpatients. There was a high prevalence of Vitamin D insufficiency in this population, yet a substantial proportion of patients with identified deficiency were not prescribed any treatment. Ongoing monitoring and review of treatment effectiveness was poor. We argue that more consideration should be given to this population, with robust guidelines introduced for the treatment of this specific ‘at-risk group’.

scholarly journals Gender differences of patients at-risk for psychosis regarding symptomatology, drug use, comorbidity and functioning – Results from the EU-GEI study

2019 ◽  
Vol 59 ◽  
pp. 52-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie Menghini-Müller ◽  
Erich Studerus ◽  
Sarah Ittig ◽  
Ulrike Heitz ◽  
Laura Egloff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
At Risk ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Statistical Power ◽  
Negative Symptoms ◽  
Psychotic Disorders ◽  
Cannabis Use ◽  
First Episode ◽  
Global Functioning

AbstractBackground:Gender differences in symptomatology in chronic schizophrenia and first episode psychosis patients have often been reported. However, little is known about gender differences in those at risk of psychotic disorders. This study investigated gender differences in symptomatology, drug use, comorbidity (i.e. substance use, affective and anxiety disorders) and global functioning in patients with an at-risk mental state (ARMS) for psychosis.Methods:The sample consisted of 336 ARMS patients (159 women) from the prodromal work package of the EUropean network of national schizophrenia networks studying Gene-Environment Interactions (EU-GEI; 11 centers). Clinical symptoms, drug use, comorbidity and functioning were assessed at first presentation to an early detection center using structured interviews.Results:In unadjusted analyses, men were found to have significantly higher rates of negative symptoms and current cannabis use while women showed higher rates of general psychopathology and more often displayed comorbid affective and anxiety disorders. No gender differences were found for global functioning. The results generally did not change when corrected for possible cofounders (e.g. cannabis use). However, most differences did not withstand correction for multiple testing.Conclusions:Findings indicate that gender differences in symptomatology and comorbidity in ARMS are similar to those seen in overt psychosis and in healthy controls. However, observed differences are small and would only be reliably detected in studies with high statistical power. Moreover, such small effects would likely not be clinically meaningful.

Lack of Association Between Behavioral Inhibition and Psychosocial Adversity Factors in Children at Risk for Anxiety Disorders

2004 ◽  
Vol 161 (3) ◽  
pp. 547-555 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dina R. Hirshfeld-Becker ◽  
Joseph Biederman ◽  
Stephen V. Faraone ◽  
Natasha Segool ◽  
Jennifer Buchwald ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Behavioral Inhibition ◽  
Children At Risk ◽  
Psychosocial Adversity

Prevalence of mental disorders in Sardinia: a community study in an inland mining district

1991 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 1061-1071 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. G. Carta ◽  
B. Carpiniello ◽  
P. L. Morosini ◽  
N. Rudas
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Elderly People ◽  
Depressive Syndrome ◽  
Community Study ◽  
Mining District ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Risk For Depression

SYNOPSISUsing standardized interviews 374 subjects randomly selected among people living in two villages in a mining district in Sardinia (Italy), were studied. Of these, 57 subjects (15·2%) were identified as ‘cases’. Ten per cent of the sample was affected by a depressive syndrome and 4% by an anxiety disorder. Females were significantly more at risk for anxiety disorders, while a trend towards a major risk for depression emerged among middle-aged and elderly people. Of the sample 9·8% were taking benzodiazepines, with a significant over representation of females. Depressed subjects took benzodiazepines more frequently than anxious subjects, while the use of antidepressants was negligible.

scholarly journals Brain laterality, depression and anxiety disorders: New findings for emotional and verbal dichotic listening in individuals at risk for depression

2015 ◽  
Vol 21 (4-6) ◽  
pp. 525-548 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerard E. Bruder ◽  
Jorge Alvarenga ◽  
Karen Abraham ◽  
Jamie Skipper ◽  
Virginia Warner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Dichotic Listening ◽  
Depression And Anxiety ◽  
Brain Laterality ◽  
New Findings ◽  
Risk For Depression

Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for youth with anxiety disorders at risk for bipolar disorder: a pilot trial

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 426-434 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sian Cotton ◽  
Christina M. Luberto ◽  
Richard W. Sears ◽  
Jeffrey R. Strawn ◽  
Lauren Stahl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Cognitive Therapy ◽  
Pilot Trial
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