scholarly journals Stress events and Changes in Dysfunctional Attitudes and Automatic Thoughts Following Recovery from Depression in Inpatient Psychotherapy: Mediation Analyses with Longitudinal Data

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Rojas ◽  
Alexander Behnke ◽  
Martin Hautzinger
Keyword(s):  
Stressful Events ◽  
Automatic Thoughts ◽  
Dysfunctional Attitudes ◽  
Stressful Event ◽  
Post Discharge ◽  
Mixed Effect ◽  
Mediation Effects ◽  
Mediation Analyses ◽  
Mixed Effect Models ◽  
Remitted Depression

Abstract Background Stressful event exposure, dysfunctional attitudes (DA), negative automatic thoughts (NAT), and declining positive automatic thoughts (PAT) have been associated with depressive relapse/recurrence. Few studies have investigated the course of these variables and their relevance for relapse/recurrence in remitted depression. Methods Following successful inpatient treatment, in 39 remitted depressive patients, stressful events, DA, NAT, PAT, and depressive relapse/recurrence were assessed five times during a 16-month follow-up. Data were analyzed with mixed effect models, and mediation effects were tested. Results Stressful events after discharge correlated with depressive relapse/recurrence. This association was mainly mediated by a stress-related decline of PAT within four months post discharge. Patients’ DA were relatively stable during the observation period and did not depend on stressful events, indicating DA as a risk trait for depressive relapse/recurrence. Mediation analyses revealed that independent of stress, DA were linked to depressive relapse/recurrence through more NAT. Conclusion Our findings suggest stressful events evoke relapse/recurrence in remitted depression through rapid deterioration of PAT after discharge from inpatient therapy. DA are expressed through NAT which additionally contribute to higher risk of depressive relapse/recurrence. Consequently, maintenance therapy requires techniques to promote the maintenance of PAT, and to effectively restructure DA and NAT.

scholarly journals Maternal exposure to a high-magnitude earthquake during pregnancy influences pre-reading skills in early childhood

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Federico Bátiz ◽  
Yasna K. Palmeiro-Silva ◽  
Gregory E. Rice ◽  
Lara J. Monteiro ◽  
Albert M. Galaburda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reading Skills ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Maternal Exposure ◽  
Stressful Events ◽  
Stressful Event ◽  
Prenatally Exposed ◽  
Alphabet Knowledge ◽  
Print Knowledge ◽  
Effective Strategies ◽  
High Magnitude

AbstractExposure to an adverse prenatal environment can influence fetal development and result in long-lasting changes in the offspring. However, the association between maternal exposure to stressful events during pregnancy and the achievement of pre-reading skills in the offspring is unknown. Here we examined the association between prenatal exposure to the Chilean high-magnitude earthquake that occurred on February 27th, 2010 and the development of early reading precursors skills (listening comprehension, print knowledge, alphabet knowledge, vocabulary, and phonological awareness) in children at kindergarten age. This multilevel retrospective cohort study including 3280 children, of whom 2415 were unexposed and 865 were prenatally exposed to the earthquake shows substantial evidence that maternal exposure to an unambiguously stressful event resulted in impaired pre-reading skills and that a higher detrimental effect was observed in those children who had been exposed to the earthquake during the first trimester of gestation. In addition, females were more significantly affected by the exposure to the earthquake than their male peers in alphabet knowledge; contrarily, males were more affected than females in print knowledge skills. These findings suggest that early intervention programs for pregnant women and/or children exposed to prenatal stress may be effective strategies to overcome impaired pre-reading skills in children.

scholarly journals A hierarchical bivariate meta-analysis of diagnostic test accuracy to provide direct comparisons of immunoassays vs. indirect immunofluorescence for initial screening of connective tissue diseases

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle Elaine Orme ◽  
Carmen Andalucia ◽  
Sigrid Sjölander ◽  
Xavier Bossuyt
Keyword(s):  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Indirect Immunofluorescence ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Connective Tissue Diseases ◽  
Test Accuracy ◽  
Initial Screening ◽  
Case Control Studies ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Mixed Effect ◽  
Mixed Effect Models

AbstractObjectivesTo compare indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) for antinuclear antibodies (ANA) against immunoassays (IAs) as an initial screening test for connective tissue diseases (CTDs).MethodsA systematic literature review identified cross-sectional or case-control studies reporting test accuracy data for IIF and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), fluorescence enzyme immunoassay (FEIA), chemiluminescent immunoassay (CLIA) or multiplex immunoassay (MIA). The meta-analysis used hierarchical, bivariate, mixed-effect models with random-effects by test.ResultsDirect comparisons of IIF with ELISA showed that both tests had good sensitivity (five studies, 2321 patients: ELISA: 90.3% [95% confidence interval (CI): 80.5%, 95.5%] vs. IIF at a cut-off of 1:80: 86.8% [95% CI: 81.8%, 90.6%]; p = 0.4) but low specificity, with considerable variance across assays (ELISA: 56.9% [95% CI: 40.9%, 71.5%] vs. IIF 1:80: 68.0% [95% CI: 39.5%, 87.4%]; p = 0.5). FEIA sensitivity was lower than IIF sensitivity (1:80: p = 0.005; 1:160: p = 0.051); however, FEIA specificity was higher (seven studies, n = 12,311, FEIA 93.6% [95% CI: 89.9%, 96.0%] vs. IIF 1:80 72.4% [95% CI: 62.2%, 80.7%]; p < 0.001; seven studies, n = 3251, FEIA 93.5% [95% CI: 91.1%, 95.3%] vs. IIF 1:160 81.1% [95% CI: 73.4%, 86.9%]; p < 0.0001). CLIA sensitivity was similar to IIF (1:80) with higher specificity (four studies, n = 1981: sensitivity 85.9% [95% CI: 64.7%, 95.3%]; p = 0.86; specificity 86.1% [95% CI: 78.3%, 91.4%]). More data are needed to make firm inferences for CLIA vs. IIF given the wide prediction region. There were too few studies for the meta-analysis of MIA vs. IIF (MIA sensitivity range 73.7%–86%; specificity 53%–91%).ConclusionsFEIA and CLIA have good specificity compared to IIF. A positive FEIA or CLIA test is useful to support the diagnosis of a CTD. A negative IIF test is useful to exclude a CTD.

scholarly journals Neurophysiological and behavioural effects of conventional and high definition tDCS

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabio Masina ◽  
Giorgio Arcara ◽  
Eleonora Galletti ◽  
Isabella Cinque ◽  
Luciano Gamberini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Response Times ◽  
Power Reduction ◽  
Alpha Power ◽  
High Definition ◽  
Mixed Effect ◽  
State Dependency ◽  
Mixed Effect Models ◽  
Beta Power ◽  
Neurophysiological Data ◽  
Spectrum Density

AbstractHigh-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS) seems to overcome a drawback of traditional bipolar tDCS: the wide-spread diffusion of the electric field. Nevertheless, most of the differences that characterise the two techniques are based on mathematical simulations and not on real, behavioural and neurophysiological, data. The study aims to compare a widespread tDCS montage (i.e., a Conventional bipolar montage with extracephalic return electrode) and HD-tDCS, investigating differences both at a behavioural level, in terms of dexterity performance, and a neurophysiological level, as modifications of alpha and beta power as measured with EEG. Thirty participants took part in three sessions, one for each montage: Conventional tDCS, HD-tDCS, and sham. In all the conditions, the anode was placed over C4, while the cathode/s placed according to the montage. At baseline, during, and after each stimulation condition, dexterity was assessed with a Finger Tapping Task. In addition, resting-state EEG was recorded at baseline and after the stimulation. Power spectrum density was calculated, selecting two frequency bands: alpha (8–12 Hz) and beta (18–22 Hz). Linear mixed effect models (LMMs) were used to analyse the modulation induced by tDCS. To evaluate differences among the montages and consider state-dependency phenomenon, the post-stimulation measurements were covariate-adjusted for baseline levels. We observed that HD-tDCS induced an alpha power reduction in participants with lower alpha at baseline. Conversely, Conventional tDCS induced a beta power reduction in participants with higher beta at baseline. Furthermore, data showed a trend towards a behavioural effect of HD-tDCS in participants with lower beta at baseline showing faster response times. Conventional and HD-tDCS distinctively modulated cortical activity. The study highlights the importance of considering state-dependency to determine the effects of tDCS on individuals.

scholarly journals Recombining Your Way Out of Trouble: The Genetic Architecture of Hybrid Fitness under Environmental Stress

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 167-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zebin Zhang ◽  
Devin P Bendixsen ◽  
Thijs Janzen ◽  
Arne W Nolte ◽  
Duncan Greig ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Stress ◽  
Evolutionary Potential ◽  
Genetic Trait ◽  
Hybrid Fitness ◽  
Mixed Effect ◽  
Mixed Effect Models ◽  
Hybrid Genome ◽  
Chromosome Associations ◽  
Low Coverage ◽  
Negative Epistasis

Abstract Hybridization between species can either promote or impede adaptation. But we know very little about the genetic basis of hybrid fitness, especially in nondomesticated organisms, and when populations are facing environmental stress. We made genetically variable F2 hybrid populations from two divergent Saccharomyces yeast species. We exposed populations to ten toxins and sequenced the most resilient hybrids on low coverage using ddRADseq to investigate four aspects of their genomes: 1) hybridity, 2) interspecific heterozygosity, 3) epistasis (positive or negative associations between nonhomologous chromosomes), and 4) ploidy. We used linear mixed-effect models and simulations to measure to which extent hybrid genome composition was contingent on the environment. Genomes grown in different environments varied in every aspect of hybridness measured, revealing strong genotype–environment interactions. We also found selection against heterozygosity or directional selection for one of the parental alleles, with larger fitness of genomes carrying more homozygous allelic combinations in an otherwise hybrid genomic background. In addition, individual chromosomes and chromosomal interactions showed significant species biases and pervasive aneuploidies. Against our expectations, we observed multiple beneficial, opposite-species chromosome associations, confirmed by epistasis- and selection-free computer simulations, which is surprising given the large divergence of parental genomes (∼15%). Together, these results suggest that successful, stress-resilient hybrid genomes can be assembled from the best features of both parents without paying high costs of negative epistasis. This illustrates the importance of measuring genetic trait architecture in an environmental context when determining the evolutionary potential of genetically diverse hybrid populations.

Association of fine particulate matter with glucose and lipid metabolism: a longitudinal study in young adults

2021 ◽  
pp. oemed-2020-107039
Author(s):  
Jingyi Qin ◽  
Wei Xia ◽  
Gaodao Liang ◽  
Shunqing Xu ◽  
Xiuge Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Fine Particulate Matter ◽  
Healthy Adults ◽  
Mixed Effect ◽  
Glucose And Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Mixed Effect Models ◽  
Fine Particulate ◽  
Linear Mixed Effect Models

ObjectivesThis study aimed to evaluate whether PM2.5 exposure in a highly polluted area (>100 µg/m3) affects glucose and lipid metabolism in healthy adults.MethodsWe recruited 110 healthy adults in Baoding city, Hebei, China, and followed them up between 2017 and 2018. Personal air samplers were used to monitor personal PM2.5 levels. Eight glucose and lipid metabolism parameters were quantified. We performed the linear mixed-effect models to investigate the relationships between PM2.5 and glucose and lipid metabolism parameters. Stratified analyses were further performed according to sex and body mass index (BMI).ResultsThe concentration of PM2.5 was the highest in spring, with a median of 232 μg/m3 and the lowest in autumn (139 μg/m3). After adjusting for potential confounders, we found that for each twofold increase in PM2.5, the median of insulin concentration decreased by 5.89% (95% CI −10.91% to −0.58%; p<0.05), and ox-LDL increased by 6.43% (95% CI 2.21% to 10.82%; p<0.05). Stratified analyses indicated that the associations were more pronounced in females, overweight and obese participants.ConclusionsExposure to high PM2.5 may have deleterious effects on glucose and lipid metabolism. Females, overweight and obese participants are more vulnerable.

scholarly journals Causal mediation analysis with multiple causally non-ordered mediators

2015 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masataka Taguri ◽  
John Featherstone ◽  
Jing Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Effect ◽  
Interactive Effect ◽  
Mediation Effect ◽  
Mediation Effects ◽  
Mediation Analyses ◽  
Intermediate Variable ◽  
Causal Mediation ◽  
Health Studies ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Individual

In many health studies, researchers are interested in estimating the treatment effects on the outcome around and through an intermediate variable. Such causal mediation analyses aim to understand the mechanisms that explain the treatment effect. Although multiple mediators are often involved in real studies, most of the literature considered mediation analyses with one mediator at a time. In this article, we consider mediation analyses when there are causally non-ordered multiple mediators. Even if the mediators do not affect each other, the sum of two indirect effects through the two mediators considered separately may diverge from the joint natural indirect effect when there are additive interactions between the effects of the two mediators on the outcome. Therefore, we derive an equation for the joint natural indirect effect based on the individual mediation effects and their interactive effect, which helps us understand how the mediation effect works through the two mediators and relative contributions of the mediators and their interaction. We also discuss an extension for three mediators. The proposed method is illustrated using data from a randomized trial on the prevention of dental caries.

scholarly journals PENGARUH KELEKATAN TERHADAP KESEJAHTERAAN PSIKOLOGIS YANG DIMEDIASI OLEH RESILIENSI PADA REMAJA DENGAN ORANG TUA BERCERAI

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-44
Author(s):  
Putri Puspitasari ◽  
Sri Maslihah ◽  
Anastasia Wulandari
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Peer Attachment ◽  
Psychological Well Being ◽  
Mediation Effects ◽  
Mediation Analyses ◽  
Causal Mediation ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Resilience Scale

The aim of this study was to examine the correlation of attachment on psychological well-being with resilience act as mediator. Participants were 127 high school adolescents with parent divorced while aged 0 to 12 years old. Attachment was assessed by Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment (IPPA), resilience was assessed by Resilience Scale (RS), and psychological well-being was assessed by Psychological Well-Being Scale (PWBS) instruments. Causal mediation analyses were used to examine the proposed mediation effects. Result showed that attachment can predict adolescents’ psychological well-being. On other hand, resilience functioned as a mediator on the correlation.

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