scholarly journals Cost behavior in e-commerce firms

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josep M. Argilés-Bosch ◽  
Josep Garcia-Blandón ◽  
Diego Ravenda
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Research ◽  
Cost Structure ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Operating Costs ◽  
Labor Costs ◽  
Cost Behavior ◽  
Additional Exposure

AbstractWe conduct empirical research on the flexibility of operating costs of e-commerce firms. With an international sample of firms from different European countries, we find that e-commerce firms have a different cost structure than traditional retail firms, with a lower share of labor costs and cost of goods sold, but a higher share of other operating costs. While we find no significant different behavior in cost of goods sold and labor costs between the two types of firms, e-commerce firms are more flexible in adjusting other operating costs than traditional retail firms when activity decreases. Results are robust to different models, estimations methods and samples. The higher flexibility of e-commerce firms relies on other operating costs, but e-commerce creates qualified jobs with higher wages than traditional retail, with no additional exposure to labor uncertainty for employees.

scholarly journals Lay and Professional Judges in Europe’s Labour Courts: Does the Professional Judge Dominate?

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-257
Author(s):  
Susan Corby ◽  
Pete Burgess ◽  
Armin Höland ◽  
Hélène Michel ◽  
Laurent Willemez
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Institutional Context ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Status Characteristics Theory ◽  
Legal Norms ◽  
Status Characteristics ◽  
Institutional Differences

Abstract Several European countries have a first instance ‘mixed’ labour court, that is a judicial panel comprising a professional judge and two or more lay judges, the latter with experience as employees or employers/managers. The lay judges’ main contribution is their workplace knowledge, but they act in a juridical setting where legal norms prevail, so does the professional judge, despite being in a minority, dominate? This article seeks to address this question by focussing on first instance labour courts in Great Britain, Germany and France. Theories of differential power, particularly status characteristics theory, and previous empirical research indicate that professional judges dominate, but our findings are more nuanced. Based on 177 interviews in three countries, we find that professional judge dominance varies according to the country’s institutional context and the salience of lay judges’ workplace knowledge. These institutional differences, however, are mediated by the attitudes of the judicial actors. Many interviewees noted that some lay judges were more prepared to challenge the professional judge than others, whereas others observed that some professional judges were more inclusive than others.

Ethical Leadership Styles of Future Managers in Central and Eastern European Countries

2015 ◽  
pp. 892-911
Author(s):  
Anna Remišová ◽  
Anna Lašáková
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Leadership Styles ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Leadership Style ◽  
Ethical Leadership ◽  
Quantitative Research ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
And Behaviors ◽  
Eastern European Countries

There is a limited understanding what the constituent elements of the ethical leadership are. Although various researchers defined ethical leadership as a specific leadership style, with typical personality traits and behaviors, the precise instantiation of the content of ethical leadership was only seldom investigated. The body of empirical research on ethical leadership is only slowly beginning to build up. Furthermore, the ethical leadership in Central and Eastern European countries (CEE countries) is permanently an under-researched issue. This article focuses on the interdisciplinary perspective in regard to the empirical research of ethical traits and behaviors of leaders and the level of preference of respective leadership attributes. First, selected influential theoretical considerations of the issue of ethical leadership are being discussed. In the application part of this article, particular ethical leadership personality traits and behaviors are being identified through the qualitative-quantitative research lens. Next, four ethical leadership styles within the cluster of five CEE countries, namely Czech Republic, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, and Slovenia are specified. Cross-country variations are a matter of concern, too. In the Slovak – CEE countries comparison significant differences concerning the level of preference of ethical leadership styles are indicated. Impact of various demographic predictors on the level of preference of ethical leadership is researched, too.

Empirical Research on Learners’ Thoughts About the Impact of Mobile Technology on Learning

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gábor Kismihók ◽  
Réka Vas
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Research ◽  
Mobile Learning ◽  
Mobile Technology ◽  
Research Study ◽  
Content Delivery ◽  
Learning Technologies ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
Technical Issues ◽  
The Impact

Mobile learning is gaining attention in Europe. Researchers are examining both pedagogical and technical issues regarding mobilized content delivery; however, little is known about current learners’ thoughts toward mobile learning. In this article, based on an empirical research study, the authors show what learners think about mobile learning and related learning technologies. Data consisting of 300 learners’ thoughts and experiences in connection with mobile learning (living in five different European countries) have been gathered and analysed. Results indicate that current positive attitudes toward mobile learning may be negatively influenced by experience, if previous patterns with other learning technologies are repeated.

Late Payments and Ethics of Management: Possible Solutions for Local Economies

2015 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 351-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanja Šalamon ◽  
Borut Milfelner ◽  
Jernej Belak
Keyword(s):  
Moral Judgment ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Moral Judgments ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Local Economies ◽  
Management Ethics

European countries have faced the problem of poor payment discipline for many years. Despite legislation adopted in 2000 and 2011, the situation is not improving. Not much empirical research has been done about the causes of low payment discipline, and even the work that has been done has been generally focused solely on the financial reasons. The current research tried to determine whether the payment discipline is affected and influenced by management ethics. The study showed that board’s and senior management’s ethics affects the length of the average payment delay to suppliers. Based on this evidence and prior research in the field of moral judgment, this study developed a package of measures against late payments based on the improvement of the moral judgments of management.

scholarly journals Importance of Motivating Factors for International Mobility of Students: Empirical Findings on Selected Higher Education Institutions in Europe

Organizacija ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 274-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Riko Novak ◽  
Anja Slatinšek ◽  
Gabrijel Devetak
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Life Experiences ◽  
Higher Education Institutions ◽  
International Study ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Motivating Factors ◽  
International Mobility ◽  
Significant Difference

AbstractThis article explores the importance of motivating factors for the international mobility of undergraduate students who participated in a mobility programme and completed part of their studies at selected higher education institutions. The empirical research was conducted on a population of 3,539 mobile undergraduate students, who took part in mobility programmes between 2006 and 2011 at three selected higher education institutions in three different European countries (1 - Germany: Duale Hochschule Baden‑Württemberg Karlsruhe, 2 - Norway: University of Tromsø, 3 - Slovenia: University of Primorska, Faculty of Management). The purpose of this article is to present the underlying motivating factors in relation to the selected institution on a sample of 288 undergraduate students during the period studied. On the basis of these findings, we came to the conclusion that most of the students participated in students’ mobility programmes especially to gain international study and life experiences. Furthermore, we established a statistically significant difference in the duration of a mobility period in connection with gender and the satisfaction with the mobility programme.

scholarly journals Modern Methods for Cost Management in Construction Enterprises

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-118
Author(s):  
Peter Mesároš ◽  
Tomáš Mandičák ◽  
Jozef Selín
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Research ◽  
Cost Management ◽  
Cost Structure ◽  
Reliable Information ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Construction Enterprises ◽  
Modern Methods ◽  
Effective Cost ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
Essential Function

Abstract Cost management should be seen as an essential function of enterprises which perform their activities in current market environment. One of the main factors affecting the level of achieved profit and favourable market position is cost structure. The company's ability to obtain necessary and reliable information on their own cost, subsequent processing and effective cost management is crucial for achieving success. This study focuses on cost management and the use of modern methods of cost management in construction enterprises. The aim of this paper is to identify approaches to cost management in Slovak construction enterprises, based on own empirical research.

scholarly journals Marketing orientation of tour operators on the European travel agency market

2020 ◽  
Vol 198 (4) ◽  
pp. 964-973
Author(s):  
Aleksander Panasiuk
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Research ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Travel Agency ◽  
Marketing Concept ◽  
Marketing Orientation

The article addresses implementing the marketing concept to the activities of travel agency market entities using the example of tour operators. The issues of the essence of marketing orientation and the stages of its development are presented. Then, theoretical information on the functioning of the travel agency market is given, along with an indication of the processes taking place in this market. Therefore, the paper discusses the position of tour operators on the tourism market and the problem of shaping the marketing orientation by tour operators in more detail. The relationships of entities in the system of creating marketing orientation on the travel agency market and the factors that determine it are presented. The methodology of the empirical research and the results of research on the level of marketing orientation of tour operators operating in Poland and selected European countries are described synthetically. The study was conducted in the second half of 2016 based on a survey. The research covered 204 tour operators from Poland and 176 from selected European countries. The study aims to present the concept of tour operators’ marketing orientation, together with the presentation of the results of research assessing the level of marketing orientation of tour operators operating in Poland and selected European countries. The work is theoretical and empirical.

scholarly journals Product-country image and crises in the Spanish horticultural sector: Classification and impact on the market

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 111 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Mar Serrano-Arcos ◽  
Juan Carlos Pérez-Mesa ◽  
Raquel Sánchez-Fernández
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Country Image ◽  
Multiple Origins ◽  
Sector Classification ◽  
The Impact

<p>This research provides a conceptual framework to analyse the concept of ‘crisis’ and its multiple origins in the Spanish horticultural sector, the largest horticultural exporter in Europe. For this purpose, this study provides a typology of crises and a classification according to their nature, reasons, and temporary impact. Consequently, this research reviews and chronologically classifies the harmful campaigns that have originated several of those crises. Additionally, the impact on the perceived product-country image is analysed through an empirical research based on the results of a survey of consumers in several European countries.</p>

scholarly journals Exploring parent and student engagement in school self-evaluation in four European countries

2020 ◽  
pp. 147490412096120
Author(s):  
Martin Brown ◽  
Gerry McNamara ◽  
Sakir Cinkir ◽  
Jerich Fadar ◽  
Maria Figueiredo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Student Engagement ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Document Analysis ◽  
European Countries ◽  
School Level ◽  
School Evaluation ◽  
Policy Documents ◽  
Self Evaluation ◽  
Distributed Evaluation ◽  
Evidence Of Impact

The purpose of this paper, which is part of a three-year EU Erasmus+-funded study titled ‘Distributed Evaluation and Planning in Schools’ (DEAPS), is to provide an analysis of policies, structures, processes, supports and barriers that exist to enable or inhibit the involvement of students and parents in school evaluation in four European countries (Belgium, Ireland, Portugal and Turkey). Document analysis was used for this study and some 348 peer-reviewed articles, and 28 national and transnational policy documents were included in the analysis. Based on this review it would be reasonable to suggest that the student/parent voice agenda around evaluation in schools remains, by and large, aspirational. It is extolled in policy but in practice is mainly tokenistic with very little evidence of impact on the work of schools. In light of this, it is argued that government and school-level policies and strategies need to be reconsidered to enhance students’ and parents’ engagement in school evaluation. As a first step, significant further empirical research on the limitations on and conditions necessary for stakeholder voice in education is required.

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