scholarly journals Earth Observation for the Assessment of Earthquake Hazard, Risk and Disaster Management

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 1323-1354 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Elliott
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Hazard ◽  
Disaster Management ◽  
Crustal Deformation ◽  
Earthquake Hazard ◽  
Satellite System ◽  
Earth Observation ◽  
Dramatic Improvement ◽  
Observation Data ◽  
Earthquake Disaster ◽  
Future Assessment

Abstract Earthquakes pose a significant hazard, and due to the growth of vulnerable, exposed populations, global levels of seismic risk are increasing. In the past three decades, a dramatic improvement in the volume, quality and consistency of satellite observations of solid earth processes has occurred. I review the current Earth Observing (EO) systems commonly used for measuring earthquake and crustal deformation that can help constrain the potential sources of seismic hazard. I examine the various current contributions and future potential for EO data to feed into aspects of the earthquake disaster management cycle. I discuss the implications that systematic assimilation of Earth Observation data has for the future assessment of seismic hazard and secondary hazards, and the contributions it will make to earthquake disaster risk reduction. I focus on the recent applications of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) and increasingly the use of Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) for the derivation of crustal deformation and these data’s contribution to estimates of hazard. I finish by examining the outlook for EO in geohazards in both science and decision-making, as well as offering some recommendations for an enhanced acquisition strategy for SAR data.

Regional Global Navigation Satellite System Networks for Crustal Deformation Monitoring

2019 ◽  
Vol 91 (2A) ◽  
pp. 552-572 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica R. Murray ◽  
Noel Bartlow ◽  
Yehuda Bock ◽  
Benjamin A. Brooks ◽  
James Foster ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Hazard ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Global Navigation Satellite System ◽  
Crustal Deformation ◽  
Satellite System ◽  
Navigation Satellite ◽  
Global Navigation ◽  
Seismic Networks ◽  
Global Navigation Satellite ◽  
Gnss Data

Abstract Regional networks of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) stations cover seismically and volcanically active areas throughout the United States. Data from these networks have been used to produce high-precision, three-component velocity fields covering broad geographic regions as well as position time series that track time-varying crustal deformation. This information has contributed to assessing interseismic strain accumulation and related seismic hazard, revealed previously unknown occurrences of aseismic fault slip, constrained coseismic slip estimates, and enabled monitoring of volcanic unrest and postseismic deformation. In addition, real-time GNSS data are now widely available. Such observations proved invaluable for tracking the rapidly evolving eruption of Kīlauea in 2018. Real-time earthquake source modeling using GNSS data is being incorporated into tsunami warning systems, and a vigorous research effort is focused on quantifying the contribution that real-time GNSS can make to improve earthquake early warnings as part of the Advanced National Seismic System ShakeAlert system. Real-time GNSS data can also aid in the tracking of ionospheric disturbances and precipitable water vapor for weather forecasting. Although regional GNSS and seismic networks generally have been established independently, their spatial footprints often overlap, and in some cases the same institution operates both types of networks. Further integration of GNSS and seismic networks would promote joint use of the two data types to better characterize earthquake sources and ground motion as well as offer opportunities for more efficient network operations. Looking ahead, upgrading network stations to leverage new GNSS technology could enable more precise positioning and robust real-time operations. New computational approaches such as machine learning have the potential to enable full utilization of the large amounts of data generated by continuous GNSS networks. Development of seafloor Global Positioning System-acoustic networks would provide unique information for fundamental and applied research on subduction zone seismic hazard and, potentially, monitoring.

scholarly journals Absence of Present Day Active Crustal Deformation along the Chite Fault in Aizawl Area Mizoram through GPS Measurements

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 58-66
Author(s):  
Malsawmtluanga ◽  
J. Malsawma ◽  
R. P. Tiwari
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Hazard ◽  
Crustal Deformation ◽  
Earthquake Hazard ◽  
Stress And Strain ◽  
Foreseeable Future ◽  
Gps Measurements ◽  
Plate Motions ◽  
Geological Feature ◽  
Earthquake Hazard Assessment ◽  
Future Earthquake

Earthquakes cannot be prevented from occurring and earthquake prediction with accurate forecasting will still not be possible soon in the foreseeable future. However, techniques like studying the crustal deformation with geodetic applications through GPS can help to generate data towards future earthquake hazard assessment and to study the geodynamics of plate motions, the mechanisms of stress and strain building and piling inside the crust which could be potential for future earthquake occurrences. Results of slow and steady deformation are indicative of a seismic hazard, which also depends largely how the time elapsed since the previous earthquakes. The geological feature of Aizawl fault is deciphered, monitored and constrained with GPS to define the present day crustal deformation across Aizawl and also to understand the role that it plays in the geodynamics of the region.

Our goal is to establish the earth observation data in the business world Unser Ziel ist es, die Erdbeobachtungsdaten in der Geschäftswelt zu etablieren

GIS Business ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 12-14
Author(s):  
Eicher, A
Keyword(s):  
Earth Observation ◽  
Observation Data ◽  
Business World ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Earth Observation Data

Our goal is to establish the earth observation data in the business world Unser Ziel ist es, die Erdbeobachtungsdaten in der Geschäftswelt zu etablieren

Mapping slums and model population density using earth observation data and open source solutions

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tais Grippa ◽  
Stefanos Georganos ◽  
Sabine Vanhuysse ◽  
Moritz Lennert ◽  
Nicholus Mboga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Open Source ◽  
Earth Observation ◽  
Observation Data ◽  
Model Population ◽  
Earth Observation Data

scholarly journals Examining the Economic and Environmental Impacts of COVID-19 Using Earth Observation Data

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
William Straka ◽  
Shobha Kondragunta ◽  
Zigang Wei ◽  
Hai Zhang ◽  
Steven D. Miller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
The United States ◽  
Earth Observation ◽  
Observation Data ◽  
Washington Dc ◽  
Mobility Data ◽  
Earth Observation Data

The COVID-19 pandemic has infected almost 73 million people and is responsible for over 1.63 million fatalities worldwide since early December 2019, when it was first reported in Wuhan, China. In the early stages of the pandemic, social distancing measures, such as lockdown restrictions, were applied in a non-uniform way across the world to reduce the spread of the virus. While such restrictions contributed to flattening the curve in places like Italy, Germany, and South Korea, it plunged the economy in the United States to a level of recession not seen since WWII, while also improving air quality due to the reduced mobility. Using daily Earth observation data (Day/Night Band (DNB) from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Suomi-NPP and NO2 measurements from the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument TROPOMI) along with monthly averaged cell phone derived mobility data, we examined the economic and environmental impacts of lockdowns in Los Angeles, California; Chicago, Illinois; Washington DC from February to April 2020—encompassing the most profound shutdown measures taken in the U.S. The preliminary analysis revealed that the reduction in mobility involved two major observable impacts: (i) improved air quality (a reduction in NO2 and PM2.5 concentration), but (ii) reduced economic activity (a decrease in energy consumption as measured by the radiance from the DNB data) that impacted on gross domestic product, poverty levels, and the unemployment rate. With the continuing rise of COVID-19 cases and declining economic conditions, such knowledge can be combined with unemployment and demographic data to develop policies and strategies for the safe reopening of the economy while preserving our environment and protecting vulnerable populations susceptible to COVID-19 infection.

scholarly journals 2nd Edition of Instrumenting Smart City Applications with Big Sensing and Earth Observatory Data: Tools, Methods and Techniques

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1310
Author(s):  
Gabriele Bitelli ◽  
Emanuele Mandanici
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Exponential Growth ◽  
Smart City ◽  
Earth Observation ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Observation Data ◽  
High Resolution Imagery ◽  
Observatory Data ◽  
Methods And Techniques ◽  
Earth Observation Data

The exponential growth in the volume of Earth observation data and the increasing quality and availability of high-resolution imagery are increasingly making more applications possible in urban environments [...]

scholarly journals Quantifying Tree Cover Loss in Urban Forests within Nairobi City Metropolitan Area from Earth Observation Data

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 78
Author(s):  
Francis Oloo ◽  
Godwin Murithi ◽  
Charlynne Jepkosgei
Keyword(s):  
Land Cover ◽  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Urban Forest ◽  
Urban Forests ◽  
Earth Observation ◽  
Tree Cover ◽  
Observation Data ◽  
Vegetation Health ◽  
Earth Observation Data

Urban forests contribute significantly to the ecological integrity of urban areas and the quality of life of urban dwellers through air quality control, energy conservation, improving urban hydrology, and regulation of land surface temperatures (LST). However, urban forests are under threat due to human activities, natural calamities, and bioinvasion continually decimating forest cover. Few studies have used fine-scaled Earth observation data to understand the dynamics of tree cover loss in urban forests and the sustainability of such forests in the face of increasing urban population. The aim of this work was to quantify the spatial and temporal changes in urban forest characteristics and to assess the potential drivers of such changes. We used data on tree cover, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and land cover change to quantify tree cover loss and changes in vegetation health in urban forests within the Nairobi metropolitan area in Kenya. We also used land cover data to visualize the potential link between tree cover loss and changes in land use characteristics. From approximately 6600 hectares (ha) of forest land, 720 ha have been lost between 2000 and 2019, representing about 11% loss in 20 years. In six of the urban forests, the trend of loss was positive, indicating a continuing disturbance of urban forests around Nairobi. Conversely, there was a negative trend in the annual mean NDVI values for each of the forests, indicating a potential deterioration of the vegetation health in the forests. A preliminary, visual inspection of high-resolution imagery in sample areas of tree cover loss showed that the main drivers of loss are the conversion of forest lands to residential areas and farmlands, implementation of big infrastructure projects that pass through the forests, and extraction of timber and other resources to support urban developments. The outcome of this study reveals the value of Earth observation data in monitoring urban forest resources.

scholarly journals A Single-Difference Multipath Hemispherical Map for Multipath Mitigation in BDS-2/BDS-3 Short Baseline Positioning

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 304
Author(s):  
Chao Liu ◽  
Yuan Tao ◽  
Haiqiang Xin ◽  
Xingwang Zhao ◽  
Chunyang Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Satellite System ◽  
Observation Time ◽  
Double Difference ◽  
Observation Data ◽  
Multipath Mitigation ◽  
Short Baseline ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Positioning Errors ◽  
Single Difference ◽  
Repeat Time

The BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) features a heterogeneous constellation so that it is difficult to mitigate the multipath in the coordinate-domain. Therefore, mitigating the multipath in the observation-domain becomes more important. Sidereal filtering is commonly used for multipath mitigation, which needs to calculate the orbit repeat time of each satellite. However, that poses a computational challenge and damages the integrity at the end of the multipath model. Therefore, this paper proposes a single-difference model based on the multipath hemispherical map (SD-MHM) to mitigate the BDS-2/BDS-3 multipath in a short baseline. The proposed method is converted from double-difference residuals to single-difference residuals, which is not restricted by the pivot satellite transformation. Moreover, it takes the elevation and the azimuth angles of the satellite as the independent variables of the multipath model. The SD-MHM overcomes the unequal observation time of some satellites and does not require specific hardware. The experimental results show that the SD-MHM reduces the root mean square of the positioning errors by 56.4%, 63.9%, and 67.4% in the east, north, and vertical directions; moreover, it contributes to an increase in the baseline accuracy from 1.97 to 0.84 mm. The proposed SD-MHM has significant advantages in multipath mitigation compared with the advanced sidereal filtering method. Besides, the SD-MHM also features an excellent multipath correction capability for observation data with a period of more than seven days. Therefore, the SD-MHM provides a universal strategy for BDS multipath mitigation.

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