On-site formation of hypochlorite for indigo oxidation – Scale-up and full scale operation of an electrolyser for denim bleach processes

Floating spar platforms are widely used in the Gulf of Mexico for oil production. The spar is a bluff, vertical cylinder which is subject to Vortex Induced Motions (VIM) when current velocities exceed a few knots. All spars to date have been constructed with helical strakes to mitigate VIM in order to reduce the loads on the risers and moorings. Model tests have indicated that the effectiveness of these strakes is influenced greatly by details of their design, by appurtenances placed on the outside of the hull and by current direction. At this time there is limited full scale data to validate the model test results and little understanding of the mechanisms at work in strake performance. The authors have been investigating the use of CFD as a means for predicting full scale VIM performance and for facilitating the design of spars for reduced VIM. This paper reports on the results of a study to benchmark the CFD results for a truss spar with a set of model experiments carried out in a towing tank. The focus is on the effect of current direction, reduced velocity and strake pitch on the VIM response. The tests were carried out on a 1:40 scale model of an actual truss spar design, and all computations were carried out at model scale. Future study will consider the effect of external appurtenances on the hull and scale-up to full scale Reynolds’ numbers on the results.

Download Full-text

Model-based evaluation of a new upgrading concept for N-removal

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2002.0104 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 45 (6) ◽

pp. 169-176 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

S. Salem ◽

D. Berends ◽

J.J. Heijnen ◽

M.C.M. van Loosdrecht

Keyword(s):

Mathematical Modelling ◽

Scale Up ◽

Treatment Plant ◽

Ammonia Concentration ◽

Pilot Scale ◽

Full Scale ◽

Model Based ◽

N Removal ◽

Quantitative Basis ◽

Treatment Concepts

Mathematical modelling is considered a time and cost-saving tool for evaluation of new wastewater treatment concepts. Modelling can help to bridge the gap between lab and full-scale application. Bio-augmentation can be used to obtain nitrification in activated sludge systems with a limited aerobic sludge retention time. In the present study the potential for augmenting the endogenous nitrifying population is evaluated. Implementing a nitrification reactor in the sludge return line fed with sludge liquor with a high ammonia concentration leads to augmentation of the native nitrifying population. Since the behaviour of nitrifiers is relatively well known, a choice was made to evaluate this new concept mainly based on mathematical modelling. As an example an existing treatment plant (wwtp Walcheren, The Netherlands) that needed to be upgraded was used. A mathematical model, based on the TUDP model and implemented in AQUASIM was developed and used to evaluate the potential of this bioaugmentation in the return sludge line. A comparison was made between bio-augmentation and extending the existing aeration basins and anoxic tanks. The results of both modified systems were compared to give a quantitative basis for evaluation of benefits gained from such a system. If the plant is upgraded by conventional extension it needs an increase in volume of about 225%; using a bioaugmentation in the return sludge line the total volume of the tanks needs to be expanded by only 75% (including the side stream tanks). Based on the modelling results a decision was made to implement the bioaugmentation concept at full scale without further pilot scale testing, thereby strongly decreasing the scale-up period for this process.

Download Full-text

Theoretical and Experimental Sets of Choice Anode/Cathode Architectonics for High-Performance Full-Scale LIB Built-up Models

Nano-Micro Letters ◽

10.1007/s40820-019-0315-8 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

H. Khalifa ◽

S. A. El-Safty ◽

A. Reda ◽

M. A. Shenashen ◽

M. M. Selim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Performance ◽

Density Functional ◽

Coulombic Efficiency ◽

Density Functional Theory Calculation ◽

Scale Up ◽

Lithium Ion ◽

Building Blocks ◽

High Energy ◽

Full Scale ◽

High Energy Density

Abstract To control the power hierarchy design of lithium-ion battery (LIB) built-up sets for electric vehicles (EVs), we offer intensive theoretical and experimental sets of choice anode/cathode architectonics that can be modulated in full-scale LIB built-up models. As primary structural tectonics, heterogeneous composite superstructures of full-cell-LIB (anode//cathode) electrodes were designed in closely packed flower agave rosettes TiO2@C (FRTO@C anode) and vertical-star-tower LiFePO4@C (VST@C cathode) building blocks to regulate the electron/ion movement in the three-dimensional axes and orientation pathways. The superpower hierarchy surfaces and multi-directional orientation components may create isosurface potential electrodes with mobile electron movements, in-to-out interplay electron dominances, and electron/charge cloud distributions. This study is the first to evaluate the hotkeys of choice anode/cathode architectonics to assemble different LIB–electrode platforms with high-mobility electron/ion flows and high-performance capacity functionalities. Density functional theory calculation revealed that the FRTO@C anode and VST-(i)@C cathode architectonics are a superior choice for the configuration of full-scale LIB built-up models. The integrated FRTO@C//VST-(i)@C full-scale LIB retains a huge discharge capacity (~ 94.2%), an average Coulombic efficiency of 99.85% after 2000 cycles at 1 C, and a high energy density of 127 Wh kg−1, thereby satisfying scale-up commercial EV requirements.

Download Full-text

From text-linguistics to literary actants—The force dynamics of (emotional) vampirism

Language and Cognition ◽

10.1515/langcog.2011.009 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 235-282 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Michael Kimmel

Keyword(s):

Scale Up ◽

Linguistic Analysis ◽

Full Scale ◽

Narrative Discourse ◽

Text Linguistics ◽

Force Dynamics ◽

Dynamic Web ◽

Coherence Patterns ◽

Shed Light

AbstractThis article provides some groundwork for applying the cognitive linguistic theory of force dynamics (Talmy 1988, 2000) to narrative discourse. It proposes that Talmy's analytic apparatus is suitable for revealing character-related dynamics in literature, especially by exploiting the previously unnoticed convergence with the notion of actancy proposed by the narratologist Greimas (1966). Force imagery both in ordinary action descriptions and in metaphor opens a vista on how readers infer, stabilize, and elaborate narrative macro-representations of “who wants what” and “who does what to whom?” Hence, texts subtly encode aspects of higher-level story logic through forces, enabling readers (and scholars) to detect and scale up coherence patterns that shed light on character motives, protagonist interaction, and plot dynamics. A full-scale text linguistic analysis is proposed. My case study of about 500 text units found in Joseph Sheridan LeFanu's novella Carmilla (1872) reveals a dynamic web of driving, penetrating, manipulating, attracting, and erupting forces between the two main protagonists, a beautiful girl vampire and her 19 year-old victim.

Download Full-text

Development of Glass Melter Technology for HLLW Vitrification in Japan

Volume 4: Radiation Protection and Nuclear Technology Applications; Fuel Cycle, Radioactive Waste Management and Decommissioning; Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and Coupled Codes; Reactor Physics and Transport Theory ◽

10.1115/icone22-30693 ◽

2014 ◽

Author(s):

Akira Sakai ◽

Hajime Koikegami ◽

Nobuyuki Miura ◽

Eiji Ochi

Keyword(s):

Noble Metals ◽

Technology Development ◽

Process Development ◽

Scale Up ◽

Liquid Waste ◽

Glass Production ◽

Full Scale ◽

Acceptance Test ◽

Radioactive Liquid Waste ◽

Glass Melter

This paper describes the development of glass melter technology, primarily the liquid fed joule-heated ceramic melter process (LFCM) for the vitrificaton of high-level radioactive liquid waste (HLLW) since 1977 in Japan. In 2013 the active test at the vitrification facility (K-facility) in Rokkasho commercial reprocessing plant was successfully completed for the final acceptance test. During this period many activities on LFCM process development have been carried out in the engineering scale or the full-scale inactive cold tests including the radioactive laboratory scale hot tests. In particular, the design of melter bottom structure and the operating method should be optimized in order to avoid the operational problems caused by accumulation of noble metals (Ru, Rh, Pd), electro-conducive deposits on the melter bottom. Through the operation of inactive and active test facilities in Tokai, the design basis for the Tokai Vitrification Facility (TVF) has been provided. The hot operation of the TVF was started in 1995 to demonstrate the LFCM process including the performance of the melter off-gas clean-up system etc. The TVF has provided the basis of the process design and the operation method for the K-facility melter in Rokkasho. In case of commercial scale vitrification, the glass production rate of the melter should be several times larger than that of the TVF. The K-facility full-scale inactive mock-up melter (KMOC) has been planned to confirm the influence of scale-up factors and the difference between Tokai and Rokkasho wastes. Through the testing operation of the KMOC, which was initially started in 2000, it has been found that the stable formation of a cold cap on a molten glass surface is fundamentally important to avoid the excessive precipitation of noble metals and the yellow phase formation. The active test of the K-facility has been proceeding under the same conditions as the KMOC, and was successfully completed in May, 2013. The advanced glass melter development programs have also commenced from 2009 to ensure a more robust and noble metals are compatible with the LFCM system and also to provide a higher processing rate. The second K-facility full-scale inactive mock-up melter (K2MOC) has been installed in the vitrification technology development facility (X-14) at Rokkasho. Its testing operation has commenced from November, 2013.

Download Full-text

Sensitivity analysis of Austin's scale-up model for tumbling ball mills — Part 2. Effects of full-scale milling parameters

Powder Technology ◽

10.1016/j.powtec.2017.04.043 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 317 ◽

pp. 6-12 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

François K. Mulenga

Keyword(s):

Sensitivity Analysis ◽

Scale Up ◽

Full Scale ◽

Ball Mills ◽

Milling Parameters

Download Full-text

Pharmaceutical wastewater treatment comparison of process scale-up from bench to full-scale: A case study

Environmental Progress ◽

10.1002/ep.670110216 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 104-112 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Kevin D. Torrens ◽

Jack L. Musterman ◽

Alexander Drohobyczer

Keyword(s):

Wastewater Treatment ◽

Scale Up ◽

Full Scale ◽

Pharmaceutical Wastewater ◽

Treatment Comparison ◽

Process Scale Up ◽

Process Scale

Download Full-text

Manufacturing Readiness Assessment for Evaluation of the Microarray Patch Industry: An Exploration of Barriers to Full-Scale Manufacturing

10.21203/rs.3.rs-413740/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Ben Creelman ◽

Collrane Frivold ◽

Sierra Jessup ◽

Gene Saxon ◽

Courtney Jarrahian

Keyword(s):

Scale Up ◽

Full Scale ◽

Drying Methods ◽

Product Lines ◽

Readiness Assessment ◽

Contract Manufacturing ◽

Production Methods ◽

Manufacturing Organizations ◽

Manufacturing Readiness

Abstract Microarray patch (MAP) technology is a promising new delivery technology for vaccines and pharmaceuticals. Yet due to several differing and novel production methods, barriers to full-scale manufacturing exist. PATH conducted a manufacturing readiness assessment and follow-up interviews to identify both the current manufacturing readiness of the industry as well as how readiness varies by developer type and MAP type. Follow-up interviews identified barriers the industry faces in reaching full manufacturing readiness, including the perceived regulatory and investment risk of manufacturing MAPs at scale due to quality requirements and control methods, uncertain sterility requirements, lack of standard production methods (especially around dissolvable MAP drying methods), and the lack of available contract manufacturing organizations with MAP manufacturing capabilities. A Regulatory Working Group has been established to identify and address critical quality issues specific to MAP manufacturing with the aim of providing developers insight into what will be expected for MAP product approvals. Standardizing MAP production equipment and automatic, visual quality control could reduce the overall risk to developers and contract manufacturing organizations in pursuing pilot-scale manufacturing capabilities and ultimately lower barriers to the scale-up of full medical MAP product lines.

Download Full-text