scholarly journals Autism Traits Predict Self-reported Executive Functioning Deficits in Everyday Life and an Aversion to Exercise

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren A. Mason ◽  
Brandon M. Zimiga ◽  
Regina Anders-Jefferson ◽  
Kenneth R. Paap
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Executive Functioning ◽  
Everyday Life ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Negatively Associated ◽  
Autism Traits ◽  
Normal Intelligence ◽  
Autism Quotient ◽  
Executive Functioning Deficits ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Are Autism Quotient (AQ) scores related to executive functioning (EF)? We sampled 200 students of normal intelligence and examined the relationship between AQ scores and: (a) 5 self-ratings of EF, (b) 5 performance-based measures of EF, and (c) 5 types of activities or experiences that are assumed to recruit EF and sometimes enhance EF. Our findings reveal that as AQ scores increase, self-rated EF ability decreases. AQ scores and self-reported EF measures do not correlate with objective EF task performance. Furthermore, AQ scores were shown to be negatively associated with many specific types of physical activity. As AQ scores increase, individuals report fewer positive reasons for exercise and more rationalizations for not engaging in more exercise.

scholarly journals The Association Between Objectively Measured Physical Activity and Academic Achievement in Dutch Adolescents: Findings From the GOALS Study

2014 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 460-473 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin L. Van Dijk ◽  
Renate H.M. De Groot ◽  
Hans H.C.M. Savelberg ◽  
Frederik Van Acker ◽  
Paul A. Kirschner
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Academic Achievement ◽  
Executive Functioning ◽  
Vigorous Physical Activity ◽  
Mathematics Performance ◽  
Negatively Associated ◽  
Physical Activity Volume ◽  
And Mathematics ◽  
Objectively Measured ◽  
Objectively Measured Physical Activity

The main goal of this study was to investigate the association between objectively measured physical activity and academic achievement in adolescents. Students in Grades 7 and 9 (N = 255) were included. Overall, we found no significant dose–response association between physical activity and academic achievement. However, in Grade 7 total physical activity volume (Total PA) was negatively associated with academic achievement, while moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) was negatively associated with both academic achievement and mathematics performance. In contrast, in Grade 9 both Total PA and MVPA were positively associated with mathematics performance. In addition, the overall association between MVPA and academic achievement followed an inverted U-shaped curve. Finally, Total PA was positively associated with executive functioning, while executive functioning in turn mediated the associations between Total PA and both academic achievement and mathematics performance. These results indicate that the association between physical activity and academic achievement in adolescents is complex and might be affected by academic year, physical activity volume and intensity, and school grade.

scholarly journals SLEEP QUALITY AS A MECHANISM LINKING PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND COGNITIVE FUNCTIONING

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S779-S779
Author(s):  
Alycia N Bisson ◽  
Margie E Lachman
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Executive Functioning ◽  
Sleep Quality ◽  
The United States ◽  
Physically Active ◽  
Waking Up ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Second Wave ◽  
Moderating Role

Abstract Modifiable health behaviors, such as physical activity and sleep quality are important for cognition throughout life. A growing body of research also suggests that engaging in enough physical activity is important to sleeping well. One recent study found that sleep efficiency mediates the relationship between physical activity and cognition. It is still unknown whether other metrics of sleep quality are mediators. The present study tested mediation in the second wave of the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) study. Using the PROCESS macro for SPSS, we found that those who were more physically active fell asleep faster, and had better executive functioning. In addition, those who were more physically active reported waking up fewer times during the night, and had better executive functioning and self-rated memory. Discussion will focus on the moderating role of gender and distinctions between findings with different measures of sleep, physical activity, and cognition.

scholarly journals A proof-of-concept sub-study exploring feasibility and preliminary evidence for the role of physical activity on neural activity during executive functioning tasks among young adults after cancer treatment

BMC Neurology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda Wurz ◽  
Gladys Ayson ◽  
Andra M. Smith ◽  
Jennifer Brunet
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Executive Functioning ◽  
Cancer Treatment ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Neural Activity ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Proof Of Concept ◽  
Information Encoding ◽  
After Cancer

Abstract Background Executive functioning (EF) deficits are troubling for adolescents and young adults (AYAs) after cancer treatment. Physical activity (PA) may enhance neural activity underlying EF among older adults affected by cancer. Establishing whether PA enhances neural activity among AYAs is warranted. As part of a two-arm, mixed-methods pilot randomized controlled trial (RCT), this proof-of-concept sub-study sought to answer the following questions: (1) is it feasible to use neuroimaging with EF tasks to assess neural activity changes following a 12-week PA intervention? And (2) is there preliminary evidence that a 12-week PA intervention enhances neural activity among AYAs after cancer treatment? Methods AYAs in the pilot RCT were approached for enrollment into this sub-study. Those who were eligible and enrolled, completed functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) with EF tasks (letter n-back, Go/No Go) pre- and post-PA intervention. Sub-study enrollment, adherence to scheduled fMRI scans, outliers, missing data, and EF task performance data were collected. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) analyses, and paired sample t-tests. Results Nine eligible participants enrolled into this sub-study; six attended scheduled fMRI scans. One outlier was identified and was subsequently removed from the analytical sample. Participants showed no differences in EF task performance from pre- to post-PA intervention. Increases in neural activity in brain regions responsible for motor control, information encoding and processing, and decision-making were observed post-PA intervention (p < 0.05; n = 5). Conclusions Findings  show that fMRI scans during EF tasks detected neural activity changes (as assessed by the BOLD signal) from pre- to post-PA intervention. Results thus suggest future trials confirming that PA enhances neural activity underlying EF are needed, though feasibility issues require careful consideration to ensure trial success. Trial registration clinicaltrials.gov, NCT03016728. Registered January 11, 2017, clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03016728.

Failing to Learn from Failure: How Optimism Impedes Entrepreneurial Innovation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario Daniele Amore ◽  
Orsola Garofalo ◽  
Victor Martin-Sanchez
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Experiment ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Negative Feedback ◽  
Dispositional Optimism ◽  
Belief Updating ◽  
Firm Level ◽  
Negatively Associated ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Firm Level Data ◽  
The Relationship

Extant research shows that entrepreneurs are typically overly optimistic about their ventures’ prospects and that such optimism hampers performance. We analyze how dispositional optimism affects the adjustments to entrepreneurs’ expectations after they receive negative feedback on their task performance. We then explore the relationship between optimism and the effectiveness of innovation. Exploiting unique firm-level data and a laboratory experiment involving 205 entrepreneurs, we find that dispositional optimism is negatively associated with both the likelihood and extent of belief updating in response to negative feedback. Furthermore, dispositional optimism triggers a discrepancy—between innovation inputs and outputs—that reduces a firm’s innovation effectiveness.

scholarly journals THE MEDIATING EFFECTS OF LIFESTYLES AND HEALTH CAPABILITIES ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AGING AND LIFE SATISFACTION

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S854-S854
Author(s):  
Dongwook Cho
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Life Satisfaction ◽  
Age Difference ◽  
Mediating Effects ◽  
Negatively Associated ◽  
Health Assessments ◽  
Regression Test ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Self Administered Questionnaire

Abstract The importance of life satisfaction has been getting significant attention as the older population has increased rapidly. There are many studies to examine the relationship between older adults’ past and current lifestyles and life satisfaction levels that resulted to be either positively or negatively associated with. It is also well documented in the literature that aging is negatively associated with life satisfaction level due to the decrease in health capabilities. However, little study has been researched the direct and indirect relationships among advancing age, lifestyles, health capabilities, and life satisfaction levels. The purpose of the study was to examine the mediating effects of lifestyles and health capabilities on the relationship between aging and older adults’ life satisfaction levels. A total of 290 older adults completed the self-administered questionnaire of lifestyles and life satisfaction levels and their health capability assessments were evaluated at three clinical research centers in the U.S. Multiple regression test was utilized to analyze the data. The results showed the direct effects of advancing age [B =1.196, t=2.608, p=.010] and engagement in exercise or physical activity [B=-2.684, t=-3.071, p=.002] on life satisfaction levels among older adults. However, there were no mediating effects of lifestyles and health assessments on the relationship between age difference and life satisfaction levels among older adults. The results suggest the advancing age itself would be the strongest factor in older adults’ life satisfaction. Additionally, the findings also suggest that exercise and physical activity can enhance older adults’ life satisfaction levels as a supplemental factor.

scholarly journals Associations Between Self-Reported Sleep, Wellbeing and Physical Activity in Irish Adolescents

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Murphy ◽  
Mary Rose Sweeney ◽  
Anna Donnla O'Hagan ◽  
Bronagh McGrane
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Physical Activity ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Quality Of Sleep ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Negatively Associated ◽  
The Relationship

Growing evidence suggests sleep plays an important role in the development of healthy adolescents, with increased interest in the associations between sleep and mental health. Higher duration and quality of sleep has been suggested as a mechanism for increased wellbeing in adolescents. Cross sectional data was collected from 5,661 Irish adolescents. 55% of Irish adolescents reported meeting the guidelines for adolescents of 8-10 hours per night. This was found to decrease with age. Higher duration and quality of sleep was positively associated with wellbeing and negatively associated with symptoms of anxiety and depression. A higher frequency of physical activity was associated with longer duration and higher quality of sleep. 9-10 hours of sleep was associated with the highest levels of wellbeing and lowest symptoms of anxiety and depression. The relationship between physical activity and increased wellbeing may be impacted by physical activity leading to higher durations and quality of sleep.

scholarly journals Cognition, Behavior, and Respiratory Function in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriana M. Strutt ◽  
Jennette Palcic ◽  
John G. Wager ◽  
Courtney Titus ◽  
Claire MacAdam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Executive Functioning ◽  
Frontal Lobe ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Neuropsychological Performance ◽  
Neuropsychological Assessments ◽  
Clinically Significant ◽  
Als Patients ◽  
Executive Functioning Deficits ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Lateral Sclerosis

Objective. To examine the relationship between respiratory functioning and neuropsychological performance, mood, and frontal-lobe-mediated behaviors in ALS patients. Methods. Forty-four patients with probable or definite ALS (El Escorial criteria) completed comprehensive pulmonary and neuropsychological assessments as part of their baseline neurological evaluation. Based on their full vital respiratory capacity, 24 and 20 patients were classified as having impaired or intact respiration, respectively. Results. Comparable demographic characteristics, neuropsychological performance, and self-reported mood symptoms were found between ALS patients with intact versus impaired respiration. However, more respiratory-impaired patients were reported by their caregivers as having clinically significant impairments in frontal-lobe-mediated behaviors. Nevertheless, declines in behavior were evidenced from pre- to post-ALS symptom onset for both respiratory groups, and exploratory analyses revealed greater executive functioning deficits in patients with bulbar versus limb onset as well as respiratory-impaired patients not receiving pulmonary interventions versus those utilizing such interventions at the time of testing. Conclusions. Results suggest that the respiratory insufficiency of ALS patients may potentially produce irreversible deficits in executive functioning; yet once treated, impairments in more basic cognitive abilities may be less evident.

scholarly journals The physical sacrifice of thinking: Investigating the relationship between thinking and physical activity in everyday life

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
pp. 1750-1757 ◽  
Author(s):  
Todd McElroy ◽  
David L Dickinson ◽  
Nathan Stroh ◽  
Christopher A Dickinson
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Everyday Life ◽  
The Relationship

Physical Activity and Trial-by-Trial Adjustments of Response Conflict

2013 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 398-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keita Kamijo ◽  
Yuji Takeda
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Phase Locking ◽  
Response Conflict ◽  
Behavioral Task ◽  
Conflict Task ◽  
Physically Active ◽  
Potential Component ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship of physical activity to trial-by-trial adjustments of response conflict was assessed using behavioral task performance, the N2 event-related brain potential component, and phase-locking values (PLVs) in a lower gamma band during a perceptual conflict task. Nineteen physically active and 19 inactive young adults (mean age = 21.3 years) performed a Navon task, using a global letter made up of local letters of either the same kind (congruent trials) or a different kind (incongruent trials). Findings revealed that active individuals exhibited smaller N2 amplitudes and greater PLVs on incongruent trials that were preceded by incongruent trials compared with those preceded by congruent trials. Such phenomena were not observed for inactive individuals. These results suggest that greater physical activity is associated with larger trial-bytrial adjustments of response conflict, which we attribute to upregulation of top-down cognitive control and reductions in response conflict.

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