scholarly journals Feedback Relevance Spaces: Interactional Constraints on Processing Contexts in Dynamic Syntax

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Howes ◽  
Arash Eshghi
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Processing ◽  
Corpus Study ◽  
British English ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Interactive Nature ◽  
Integrated Or ◽  
Dynamic Syntax ◽  
Do So

AbstractFeedback such as backchannels and clarification requests often occurs subsententially, demonstrating the incremental nature of grounding in dialogue. However, although such feedback can occur at any point within an utterance, it typically does not do so, tending to occur at Feedback Relevance Spaces (FRSs). We present a corpus study of acknowledgements and clarification requests in British English, and describe how our low-level, semantic processing model in Dynamic Syntax accounts for this feedback. The model trivially accounts for the 85% of cases where feedback occurs at FRSs, but we also describe how it can be integrated or interpreted at non-FRSs using the predictive, incremental and interactive nature of the formalism. This model shows how feedback serves to continually realign processing contexts and thus manage the characteristic divergence and convergence that is key to moving dialogue forward.

scholarly journals Incrementality and intention-recognition in utterance processing

2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 199-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleni Gregoromichelaki ◽  
Ruth Kempson ◽  
Matthew Purver ◽  
Gregory J. Mills ◽  
Ronnie Cann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Predictive Model ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Intention Recognition ◽  
Dialogue Modelling ◽  
Open Question ◽  
Dynamic Syntax ◽  
Do So

Ever since dialogue modelling first developed relative to broadly Gricean assumptions about utter-ance interpretation (Clark, 1996), it has remained an open question whether the full complexity of higher-order intention computation is made use of in everyday conversation. In this paper we examine the phenomenon of split utterances, from the perspective of Dynamic Syntax, to further probe the necessity of full intention recognition/formation in communication: we do so by exploring the extent to which the interactive coordination of dialogue exchange can be seen as emergent from low-level mechanisms of language processing, without needing representation by interlocutors of each other’s mental states, or fully developed intentions as regards messages to be conveyed. We thus illustrate how many dialogue phenomena can be seen as direct consequences of the grammar architecture, as long as this is presented within an incremental, goal-directed/predictive model.

The Norm Orientation of English in the Caribbean

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-40
Author(s):  
Dagmar Deuber ◽  
Stephanie Hackert ◽  
Eva Canan Hänsel ◽  
Alexander Laube ◽  
Mahyar Hejrani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
American English ◽  
Media Exposure ◽  
Quantitative Investigation ◽  
British English ◽  
Mass Tourism ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Newspaper Writing ◽  
British Colonies ◽  
Do So

This study examines newspaper writing from ten Caribbean countries as a window on the norm orientation of English in the region. English in the former British colonies of the Caribbean has been assumed to be especially prone to postcolonial linguistic Americanization, on account of not just recent global phenomena such as mass tourism and media exposure but also long-standing personal and sociocultural links. We present a quantitative investigation of variable features comparing our Caribbean results not just to American and British reference corpora but also to newspaper collections from India and Nigeria as representatives of non-Caribbean New Englishes. The amount of American features employed varies by type of feature and country. In all Caribbean corpora, they are more prevalent in the lexicon than in spelling. With regard to grammar, an orientation toward a singular norm cannot be deduced from the data. While Caribbean journalists do partake in worldwide American-led changes such as colloquialization, as evident in the occurrence of contractions or the tendency to prefer that over which, the frequencies with which they do so align neither with American English nor with British English but often resemble those found in the Indian and Nigerian corpora. Contemporary Caribbean newspaper writing, thus, neither follows traditional British norms, nor is it characterized by massive linguistic Americanization; rather, there appears to be a certain conservatism common to New Englishes generally. We discuss these results in light of new considerations on normativity in English in the 21st century.

Les prépositions complexes du roumain – approche sur corpus

Revue Romane ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 176-203
Author(s):  
Benjamin Fagard ◽  
Alexandru Mardale
Keyword(s):  
Corpus Study ◽  
Extensive List ◽  
Do So

Abstract In this paper, we investigate complex adpositions in Romanian, on the basis of a corpus study. Our goal is to provide an extensive list of complex adpositions and analyze the productivity of various patterns. In order to do so, we selected a number of candidate sequences, applied semantic and morpho-syntactic tests, and evaluated their frequency. Our results confirm the importance of two patterns: [Preposition + Noun + Determiner] followed by a genitive, and [Preposition + Noun + Preposition]. Though there are a few other patterns (such as [(Preposition +) Adverb (+ Preposition)]), these two are the most productive, making up a core of relatively frequent sequences with low variability, which pattern with simple prepositions.

Secure Multiparty Device Pairing Using Random Peephole Generations

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 216-221
Author(s):  
Soorya Annadurai ◽  
Bhargav J. Bhatkalkar
Keyword(s):  
Communication Channel ◽  
Wireless Devices ◽  
Visual Channel ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Keys ◽  
Man In The Middle ◽  
Interactive Nature ◽  
User Attention ◽  
Device Pairing ◽  
Do So

A secure device pairing mechanism is used to establish a trusted communication channel between unassociated wireless devices. The broadcast nature of wireless communication opens the door for man-in-the-middle (MITM) attacks, and even other subtle forms of masquerader and misfeasor attacks. This paper introduces a simple device pairing approach to tackle such attacks seamlessly. The algorithm is compatible with a multitude of devices, whereas a majority of existing algorithms are based on two devices exclusively. This approach utilizes a human visual channel as an Out-Of-Band (OOB) channel to authenticate the public keys exchanged between the devices. The interactive nature of this approach forces user attention, hence improving the reliability and consistency of the device pairing process. To do so, we introduce the concept of ‘peepholes,’ and mathematically define it before demonstrating the algorithm’s methodology. Subsequent sections also demonstrate its robustness against attacks via misfeasors, masqueraders, and men-in-the-middle.

scholarly journals The pluperfect in native and non-native English: A comparative corpus study

2001 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 343-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
Devyani Sharma
Keyword(s):  
American English ◽  
Standard English ◽  
Present Perfect ◽  
Indian English ◽  
Corpus Study ◽  
Multidimensional Distribution ◽  
British English

One of the challenges in characterizing non-native varieties of English is accounting for variant uses of ostensibly standard English forms. The present corpus study examines both quantitative and qualitative aspects of pluperfect use in Indian English (IndE), British English (BrE), and American English (AmE). IndE is found to differ from native usage by associating had + V-ed with present perfect and preterite meanings. Licensing of pluperfect contexts by time adverbials is also found to be significantly lower in IndE. AmE shows the lowest overall use of the pluperfect and the highest use of disambiguating adverbials. Thus, AmE and IndE show distinct patterns of divergence from BrE. Variation within IndE exhibits a tendency for greater non-nativeness in regional (vs. national) press and in bureaucratic (vs. press) registers, suggesting a multidimensional distribution of IndE nonstandardness in India. These nonstandard uses are shown to convey new pragmatic meanings deriving from ambiguity in the native system and reinforcement from substrate languages. Finally, these changes are evaluated in relation to the broader tense–modality–aspect system of IndE as well as those of other non-native Englishes which exhibit similar characteristics.

scholarly journals Predicted effects of summer holidays and seasonality on the SARS-Cov-2 epidemic in France

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis Duchemin ◽  
Philippe Veber ◽  
Mathilde Paris ◽  
Bastien Boussau
Keyword(s):  
Death Rate ◽  
Reproduction Number ◽  
Seir Model ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Death Toll ◽  
Reproduction Numbers ◽  
Second Wave ◽  
Epidemic Wave ◽  
Do So

1AbstractThe SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in France has had a large death toll. It has not affected all regions similarly, since the death rate can vary several folds between regions where the epidemic has remained at a low level and regions where it got an early burst. The epidemic has been slowed down by a lockdown that lasted for almost eight weeks, and individuals can now move between metropolitan French regions without restriction. In this report we investigate the effect on the epidemic of summer holidays, during which millions of individuals will move between French regions. Additionally, we evaluate the effect of strong or weak seasonality and of several values for the reproduction number on the epidemic, in particular on the timing, the height and the spread of a second wave. To do so, we extend a SEIR model to simulate the effect of summer migrations between regions on the number and distribution of new infections. We find that the model predicts little effect of summer migrations on the epidemic. However, all the reproduction numbers above 1.0 and the seasonality parameters we tried result in a second epidemic wave, with a peak date that can vary between October 2020 and April 2021. If the sanitary measures currently in place manage to keep the reproduction number below 1.0, the second wave will be avoided. If they keep the reproduction number at a low value, for instance at 1.1 as in one of our simulations, the second wave is flattened and could be similar to the first wave.

Sift and Deep Convolutional Features for Closeness-Based Leaf Image Recognition

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 15-28
Author(s):  
Sucithra B. ◽  
Angelin Gladston
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Distance Measures ◽  
Scale Invariant ◽  
Global Features ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Invariant Feature ◽  
Feature Transform ◽  
Scale Invariant Feature ◽  
Leaf Image ◽  
Do So

Plant leaf recognition has been carried out widely using low level features. Scale invariant feature transform techniques have been used to extract the low level features. Leaves that match based on low level features but do not do so in the semantic perspective cannot not be recognized. To address that, global features have been extracted and used using convolutional neural networks. Even then there are issues like leaf images in various illuminations, rotations, taken in different angles, and so on. To address such issues, the closeness among low level features and global features are computed using multiple distance measures and a leaf recognition framework has been proposed. The matched patches are evaluated both quantitatively and qualitatively. Experimental results obtained are promising for the proposed closeness-based leaf recognition framework.

Artificial Intelligence and Persuasion: A Construal-Level Account

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 363-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tae Woo Kim ◽  
Adam Duhachek
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Construal Level Theory ◽  
Construal Level ◽  
Artificial Agents ◽  
Artificial Agent ◽  
Persuasive Messages ◽  
Total N ◽  
Low Level ◽  
High Level ◽  
Do So

Although more individuals are relying on information provided by nonhuman agents, such as artificial intelligence and robots, little research has examined how persuasion attempts made by nonhuman agents might differ from persuasion attempts made by human agents. Drawing on construal-level theory, we posited that individuals would perceive artificial agents at a low level of construal because of the agents’ lack of autonomous goals and intentions, which directs individuals’ focus toward how these agents implement actions to serve humans rather than why they do so. Across multiple studies (total N = 1,668), we showed that these construal-based differences affect compliance with persuasive messages made by artificial agents. These messages are more appropriate and effective when the message represents low-level as opposed to high-level construal features. These effects were moderated by the extent to which an artificial agent could independently learn from its environment, given that learning defies people’s lay theories about artificial agents.

Failure Imagery Reduces Self-Reflectivity in Individuals High in Activity Inhibition

2005 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-160
Author(s):  
Thomas A. Langens
Keyword(s):  
Negative Mood ◽  
Stream Of Consciousness ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Activity Inhibition ◽  
Picture Story Exercise ◽  
Picture Story ◽  
Level Of Thinking ◽  
Writing Task ◽  
Do So

The present research tested the effects of failure imagery on the structure of conscious thought. Based on prior research which shows that (a) individuals high in activity inhibition (as measured by the picture-story exercise) tend to suppress negative mood-relevant thought and (b) suppression can be accomplished by shifting to a low level of thinking, it was assumed that failure imagery induces a shift toward low-level thinking in individuals high in activity inhibition. Participants had to imagine either successfully achieving two important goals they were currently pursuing or failing to do so. After the imagination task, they were asked to work on a stream-of-consciousness writing task. Protocols were analyzed for self-reflectivity (operationalized as the frequency of using the pronoun “I”) and awareness of emotions. The lowest level of self-reflectivity was found among individuals high in activity inhibition who imagined a failure of goal pursuit. This result is discussed with respect to the long-term consequences of suppressing negative mood-relevant thought.

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