scholarly journals The Combined Contribution of Fear and Perceived Danger of COVID-19 and Metacognitions to Anxiety Levels during the COVID-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Orkun Aydın ◽  
Kuzeymen Balıkçı ◽  
Yasin Arslan ◽  
Pınar Ünal-Aydın ◽  
Ece Müezzin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Distress ◽  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Generalized Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Emotional State ◽  
Generalized Anxiety ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Negative Beliefs ◽  
Anxiety Levels ◽  
Perceived Danger ◽  
Study Participants

AbstractDespite a wide base of research suggesting a major role for dysfunctional metacognitions in contributing to anxiety, their role in explaining psychological distress in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic remains unclear. In this study we investigated whether metacognitions would predict anxiety, while controlling for fear and perceived danger of COVID-19. A total of 862 individuals were included in this study. Participants completed sociodemographic questions, emotional state questions relating to COVID-19, the Metacognitions Questionnaire‐30, and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7. Results showed that both negative beliefs about thoughts concerning uncontrollability and danger, and cognitive self-consciousness were significant predictors of anxiety beyond the fear and perceived danger of COVID-19. Future studies involving clinical populations are needed to investigate the longer-term impact of metacognitions in the maintenance and exacerbation of anxiety associated with the fear and perceived danger of COVID-19.

Negative Beliefs about Worry Predict Generalized Anxiety Disorder

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason C. Levine ◽  
Colleen Kehoe ◽  
Haley Newman ◽  
Valerie Rountree ◽  
Raymond Fleming
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Generalized Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Generalized Anxiety ◽  
Negative Beliefs

Metacognitive Theory and Therapy for Worry and Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Review and Status

2010 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. jep.007910 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian Wells
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Generalized Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Specific Treatment ◽  
Generalized Anxiety ◽  
Behavioural Treatment ◽  
Negative Thinking ◽  
Negative Beliefs ◽  
Negative Appraisal ◽  
Cognitive Behavioural ◽  
Applied Relaxation

The metacognitive model of pathological worry and Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) makes a crucial distinction between two types of worry and explains the persistence and uncontrollability of negative thinking as an effect of specific metacognitions. The negative appraisal of worry (meta-worry) and negative beliefs about worry are central to the development of GAD. Furthermore, GAD is associated with paradoxes in mental control such as the use of extended thinking to reduce thinking. Evidence is reviewed that supports major tenets of the model. A specific treatment, metacognitive therapy is described that focuses on modifying metacognitive beliefs and reducing the use of worry to cope with thoughts. The empirical status of the model is reviewed and evidence from recent trials of this treatment is summarized. The treatment appears to be effective and initial trials suggest it is associated with greater levels of recovery than approaches comprised of applied relaxation or cognitive-behavioural treatment focused on intolerance of uncertainty.

Dysfunctional metacognition across psychopathologies: A meta-analytic review

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 139-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. Sun ◽  
C. Zhu ◽  
S.H.W. So
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Generalized Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Generalized Anxiety ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Negative Beliefs ◽  
Analytic Review

AbstractBackground:Dysfunctions in metacognition have been reported in individuals with anxiety disorders. Although recent studies have examined metacognition in other disorders, how dysfunctional metacognition compares across disorders is not clear. This review aimed to ascertain the importance of dysfunctional metacognition in various psychopathologies, and to identify similarities and differences in metacognitive profiles across disorders.Methods:Forty-seven studies were selected from 586 articles published between 1990 and August 2015, including a total sample of 3772 patients and 3376 healthy individuals. Studies that measured metacognition using the Meta-Cognitions Questionnaire (MCQ) and its variants were included. We conducted five meta-analyses including 49 to 55 effect sizes, comparing psychiatric patients to healthy individuals on respective metacognitive dimensions of the MCQ.Results:We found elevated metacognitive dysfunctions in patients, as a group, on all MCQ dimensions. Group effects were large and robust for the two negative beliefs (i.e., beliefs about the uncontrollability and danger of thoughts, and beliefs about the need to control thoughts), and moderate and unstable for the positive beliefs. Patients showed decreased cognitive confidence and heightened cognitive self-consciousness on moderate to large levels. Moderator analyses revealed that negative beliefs about uncontrollability and danger of thoughts were most prevalent in generalized anxiety disorder, whereas heightened cognitive self-consciousness was more characteristic in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder and eating disorders manifested more similar metacognitive profiles than other disorders.Conclusions:Our findings supported dysfunctional metacognition as common processes across psychopathologies, with certain dimensions being more prevalent in particular disorders.

scholarly journals PENERAPAN ART THERAPY UNTUK MENGURANGI PERILAKU AVOIDANCE DALAM GAD PADA DEWASA AWAL YANG BEKERJA

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 520
Author(s):  
Helen Helen ◽  
Monty P. Satiadarma ◽  
Rismiyati E. Koesma
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Art Therapy ◽  
Generalized Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Avoidance Behavior ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Daily Activities ◽  
Generalized Anxiety ◽  
Snowball Sampling ◽  
Anxiety Levels

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) memiliki perilaku menghindar yang dilakukan secara berulang ketika mengalami kecemasan yang berlebihan. Perilaku menghindar dijadikan sebagai bentuk koping untuk mengurangi perasaan cemas tersebut, sehingga individu menjadi tergantung pada perilaku menghindar dan cenderung akan dilakukan kembali ketika menghadapi kecemasan di lain waktu. Dalam penelitian ini, sebagian besar partisipan dengan usia sekitar 22-28 tahun dengan subyek sebanyak 5 perempuan dan 1 laki-laki melaporkan bahwa kecemasan menyebabkan perubahan dalam pekerjaan dan kegiatan sehari-hari, sehingga terganggunya aktivitas sehari-hari  dan pekerjaan menjadi tidak optimal. Perilaku menghindar diukur dengan Multidimensional Experiental Avoidance Questionnaire (MEAQ) dan dan tingkat kecemasan GAD diukur dengan menggunakan skala The GAD-7. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif untuk menggambarkan perilaku menghindar dan metode kuantitatif untuk melihat efektivitas art therapy dalam mengurangi perilaku menghindar dan menurunkan tingkat kecemasan pada dewasa awal. Teknik pengambilan sampel dengan menggunakan metode snowball sampling. Pemberian art therapy pada masing-masing subyek dilakukan sebanyak tujuh sesi. Dalam penelitian ini, art therapy telah terbukti dapat mengurangi perilaku menghindar dan menurunkan tingkat kecemasan pada dewasa awal yang sedang bekerja dengan menunjukan perubahan perilaku menghindar dan tingkat kecemasan sebelum dan sesudah intervensi. Keberhasilan penelitian art therapy ini juga dipengaruhi oleh adanya kesadaran para partisipan untuk secara konsisten dalam mengikuti sesi terapi.  Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) includes repeating avoidance behavior when experiencing excessive anxiety. Avoidance behavior is a coping mechanism to reduce anxiety, resulting in individuals become dependent on avoidance behavior and tend to repeat it again when facing anxiety in the future. In this study, most participants aged around 22-28 years with as many as 5 women and 1 man reported that anxiety caused changes in work and daily activities, where there is disruption of daily activities and work become less than optimal. Avoidance behavior is measured by Multidimensional Experiental Avoidance Questionnaire (MEAQ) and GAD anxiety levels are measured using The GAD-7 scale. This study uses qualitative methods to describe avoidance behavior and quantitative methods to see the effectiveness of art therapy in reducing avoidance behavior and reducing anxiety levels in young adults. The sampling method used was snowball sampling method. Administration of art therapy in each subject was done in seven sessions. In this study, art therapy is shown to reduce avoidance behavior and reduce anxiety levels in working young adults by the changes in avoidance behavior and anxiety levels after intervention. The success of this art therapy research is also influenced by the consistency of subjects’ participation in therapy sessions.

scholarly journals Reduced optimism and a heightened neural response to everyday worries are specific to generalized anxiety disorder, and not seen in social anxiety

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (10) ◽  
pp. 1806-1815 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. S. Blair ◽  
M. Otero ◽  
C. Teng ◽  
M. Geraci ◽  
M. Ernst ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Social Anxiety ◽  
Generalized Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Generalized Anxiety ◽  
Neural Responses ◽  
Positive Events ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Neural Modulation ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Impact Events

BackgroundGeneralized anxiety disorder (GAD) and social anxiety disorder (SAD) are co-morbid and associated with similar neural disruptions during emotion regulation. In contrast, the lack of optimism examined here may be specific to GAD and could prove an important biomarker for that disorder.MethodUnmedicated individuals with GAD (n = 18) and age-, intelligence quotient- and gender-matched SAD (n = 18) and healthy (n = 18) comparison individuals were scanned while contemplating likelihoods of high- and low-impact negative (e.g. heart attack; heartburn) or positive (e.g. winning lottery; hug) events occurring to themselves in the future.ResultsAs expected, healthy subjects showed significant optimistic bias (OB); they considered themselves significantly less likely to experience future negative but significantly more likely to experience future positive events relative to others (p < 0.001). This was also seen in SAD, albeit at trend level for positive events (p < 0.001 and p < 0.10, respectively). However, GAD patients showed no OB for positive events (t17 = 0.82, n.s.) and showed significantly reduced neural modulation relative to the two other groups of regions including the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and caudate to these events (p < 0.001 for all). The GAD group further differed from the other groups by showing increased neural responses to low-impact events in regions including the rostral mPFC (p < 0.05 for both).ConclusionsThe neural dysfunction identified here may represent a unique feature associated with reduced optimism and increased worry about everyday events in GAD. Consistent with this possibility, patients with SAD did not show such dysfunction. Future studies should consider if this dysfunction represents a biomarker for GAD.

scholarly journals Evaluation of dentists' stress and anxiety levels in the COVID-19 pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (Suppl. 1) ◽  
pp. 259-265
Author(s):  
Fatma Uçan Yarkaç ◽  
Ümmühan Tekin Atay ◽  
Nisa Nur Dinçer ◽  
Elif Öncü
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Generalized Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Perceived Stress ◽  
Generalized Anxiety ◽  
Perceived Stress Scale ◽  
Stress Scale ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Stress Levels ◽  
Anxiety Levels ◽  
Normalization Process

Aim: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) can cause stress, anxiety, and fear, especially in healthcare workers as it has a high risk of transmission. The aim of this study was to investigate the levels of stress and anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic among dentists working in our country. Methodology: The study included 164 dentists. Sociodemographic data and the stress and anxiety levels of the individuals who participated in the study were recorded. The COVID-19 Stress Scale and the Perceived Stress Scale-10 were used for evaluation of the stress levels, and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7 was used to evaluate the anxiety levels. All data were considered statistically significant at p < 0.05. Results: Among those who participated in the study, 112 were women and 52 were men, and 50% of them were 20 to 30 years of age. Based on the information these dentists provided, 63% did not have any expertise and 66% had worked in the normalization process. Their scores in the COVID-19 Stress Scale, the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale 7, and Perceived Stress Scale-10 were 64.4 ± 25.2, 5.46 ± 4.8, and 18.8 ± 5.9, respectively, and there was a positive correlation between all scales. When evaluating the stress levels according to gender, it was observed that those of the female dentists were higher than those of the male dentists (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the anxiety levels between the male and female dentists. While there were no significant differences between the dentists who worked during the pandemic process and those who did not work (p > 0.05), the COVID-19 stress levels were found to be lower in the normalization process (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic has caused stress and anxiety in dentists and has affected female dentists more than male dentists. In addition, working during the pandemic process can benefit dentists by helping to reduce the stress caused by the pandemic.   How to cite this article: Öncü E, Dinçer NN, Uçan Yarkaç F, Tekin Atay Ü. Evaluation of dentists' stress and anxiety levels in the COVID-19 pandemic. Int Dent Res 2021;11(Suppl.1):259-65. https://doi.org/10.5577/intdentres.2021.vol11.suppl1.38   Linguistic Revision: The English in this manuscript has been checked by at least two professional editors, both native speakers of English.

scholarly journals A Disorder-Specific, Cognitively Focused Group Treatment for Childhood Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Development and Case Illustration of the No Worries! Program

2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 275-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monique C. Holmes ◽  
Caroline L. Donovan ◽  
Lara J. Farrell
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Generalized Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Group Treatment ◽  
Treatment Programs ◽  
Generalized Anxiety ◽  
Cognitive Avoidance ◽  
Cognitive Variables ◽  
Negative Beliefs ◽  
Negative Problem Orientation

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is a highly prevalent, chronic, and costly mental disorder in children, and there is a comparative lack of research on specific treatments for GAD, relative to other anxiety disorders. Furthermore, treatment programs for child GAD, unlike those for adults, are almost uniformly transdiagnostic in nature and do not specifically target the cognitive variables (e.g., intolerance of uncertainty, negative beliefs about worry, cognitive avoidance, and negative problem orientation) demonstrated to be correlated with the disorder. However, helping children to understand and address these rather complex cognitive factors is difficult. This article describes the development of a disorder-specific, cognitively focused group treatment program for child GAD (the No Worries! Program) that aims to target the cognitive variables and symptoms correlated with the GAD. It provides a detailed discussion of the strategies taught to children and highlights some of the challenges involved. A case study is presented to demonstrate the feasibility of achieving successful outcomes with complex presentations.

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