scholarly journals Evaluation of dentists' stress and anxiety levels in the COVID-19 pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (Suppl. 1) ◽  
pp. 259-265
Author(s):  
Fatma Uçan Yarkaç ◽  
Ümmühan Tekin Atay ◽  
Nisa Nur Dinçer ◽  
Elif Öncü
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Generalized Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Perceived Stress ◽  
Generalized Anxiety ◽  
Perceived Stress Scale ◽  
Stress Scale ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Stress Levels ◽  
Anxiety Levels ◽  
Normalization Process

Aim: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) can cause stress, anxiety, and fear, especially in healthcare workers as it has a high risk of transmission. The aim of this study was to investigate the levels of stress and anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic among dentists working in our country. Methodology: The study included 164 dentists. Sociodemographic data and the stress and anxiety levels of the individuals who participated in the study were recorded. The COVID-19 Stress Scale and the Perceived Stress Scale-10 were used for evaluation of the stress levels, and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7 was used to evaluate the anxiety levels. All data were considered statistically significant at p < 0.05. Results: Among those who participated in the study, 112 were women and 52 were men, and 50% of them were 20 to 30 years of age. Based on the information these dentists provided, 63% did not have any expertise and 66% had worked in the normalization process. Their scores in the COVID-19 Stress Scale, the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale 7, and Perceived Stress Scale-10 were 64.4 ± 25.2, 5.46 ± 4.8, and 18.8 ± 5.9, respectively, and there was a positive correlation between all scales. When evaluating the stress levels according to gender, it was observed that those of the female dentists were higher than those of the male dentists (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the anxiety levels between the male and female dentists. While there were no significant differences between the dentists who worked during the pandemic process and those who did not work (p > 0.05), the COVID-19 stress levels were found to be lower in the normalization process (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic has caused stress and anxiety in dentists and has affected female dentists more than male dentists. In addition, working during the pandemic process can benefit dentists by helping to reduce the stress caused by the pandemic.   How to cite this article: Öncü E, Dinçer NN, Uçan Yarkaç F, Tekin Atay Ü. Evaluation of dentists' stress and anxiety levels in the COVID-19 pandemic. Int Dent Res 2021;11(Suppl.1):259-65. https://doi.org/10.5577/intdentres.2021.vol11.suppl1.38   Linguistic Revision: The English in this manuscript has been checked by at least two professional editors, both native speakers of English.

scholarly journals The Perceived Stress Level of Nursing Students Regarding The Clinical Practices in the Covid-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 592-599
Author(s):  
ışın cantekin
Keyword(s):  
Nursing Students ◽  
Perceived Stress ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Nursing Profession ◽  
Clinical Practices ◽  
Perceived Stress Scale ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Stress Scale ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Stress Levels

This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the perceived stress levels of nursing students regarding the clinical practice during the Covid-19 pandemic. The study was conducted between May 20 and June 20, 2020, with 252 students studying in all classes in the Nursing Departments of Necmettin Erbakan University. The data were collected using the Information Form and the Perceived Stress Scale for Nursing Students (PSSNS). 52.0% of the students felt uncomfortable thinking about Covid-19, and 62.2% stated that their anxiety increased when they thought they were infected with Covid-19. The study further revealed that 57.9% of the nursing students were afraid to provide care to the individuals diagnosed with Covid-19 and 82.1% stated that they did not have enough knowledge to provide care to those individuals. Our study revealed that there is a statistically significant difference between the mean scores of the Perceived Stress Scale for Nursing Students and the students’ gender (p<0.01), the status of willingly choosing the nursing profession (p<0.01), the interest in the nursing profession during the Covid-19 pandemic (p<0.01), having enough knowledge to provide care to individuals diagnosed with Covid-19 (p<0.01), being uncomfortable thinking about Covid-19 (p<0.01), being afraid to provide care to individuals diagnosed with Covid-19 (p<0.01), and the increased anxiety level thinking that they were infected with Covid-19 (p<0.01). In this study, female nurses and nurses who did not choose the nursing profession willingly, whose interests in the nursing profession were negatively affected during the pandemic period, who believe that they do not have the knowledge or who do not want to provide care to individuals diagnosed with Covid-19, who are afraid to provide care, and who are uncomfortable thinking about Covid-19 were found to have higher perceived stress levels. It is recommended to offer training and counseling to the nursing students with high perceived stress levels

scholarly journals Perbedaan Derajat Ansietas antara Penyandang Hipertensi Belum Terkontrol dengan yang Terkontrol

e-CliniC ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cerelia E. C. Sugeng ◽  
Emma Sy. Moeis ◽  
Glady I. Rambert
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Generalized Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Blood Pressure Monitoring ◽  
Office Blood Pressure ◽  
Generalized Anxiety ◽  
Pressure Monitoring ◽  
Hypertensive Patients ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Difference

Abstract: Hypertension and anxiety are among the group of the most common chronic disease worldwide, and according to numerous studies they are oftentimes associated each other. Patients suffered from chronic illnesses, such as hypertension, may have negative emotion that increases the risk of mental disorders, most commonly anxiety disorder. This study was aimed to assess the difference of anxiety degree between uncontrolled and controlled hypertensive patients. This was an observational analytical study with a cross-sectional design. Subjects were divided into two groups: controlled and uncontrolled hypertensive patients. Measurement of blood pressure parameter was performed by using office blood pressure monitoring. Anxiety parameter was classified based on the scoring of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7). Data were analyzed by using the Mann-Whitney test. Subjects consisted of 60 hypertensive patients (35 males and 25 females), aged 30-70 years (mean 56.48 years). There were 35 controlled hypertension patients and 22 uncontrolled hypertensive patients. The results showed that the difference in anxiety degree based on GAD-7 between controlled hypertensive and uncontrolled hypertensive groups obtained a p-value of 0.000. In conclusion, there was a significant difference in anxiety degree between uncontrolled and controlled hypertensive patients. Screening for anxiety among hypertensive patients is a simple and cost-effective tool that may improve outcomes.Keywords: anxiety, uncontrolled hypertension, controlled hypertension Abstrak: Hipertensi dan ansietas merupakan kelompok penyakit kronik yang paling umum di seluruh dunia. Berdasarkan banyak penelitian kedua penyakit ini saling berhubungan satu sama lain. Penyandang hipertensi mungkin memiliki emosi negatif yang meningkatkan risiko terjadinya gangguan mental berupa ansietas. Ansietas dan dukungan sosial rendah akan menghambat proses penyembuhan terutama dalam mengontrol tekanan darah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menge-tahui apakah terdapat perbedaan derajat ansietas antara penyandang hipertensi belum terkontrol dengan hipertensi terkontrol. Jenis penelitian ialah analitik observasional dengan desain potong lintang. Subyek penelitian dibagi menjadi dua kelompok, yaitu kelompok penyandang hipertensi belum terkontrol dan hipertensi terkontrol. Pengukuran parameter tekanan darah dilakukan dengan menggunakan alat Oscillometric digital dengan cara Office Blood Pressure Monitoring (OBPM). Parameter ansietas diklasifikasikan berdasarkan skala Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7). Adanya perbedaan derajat ansietas antara kedua kelompok dinilai dengan uji Mann-Whitney. Subyek penelitian terdiri dari 60 penyandang hipertensi (35 laki-laki dan 25 perempuan) berusia 30-70 tahun (rerata 56,48 tahun). Terdapat 25 penyandang hipertensi yang belum terkontrol dan 35 penyandang hipertensi terkontrol. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan derajat ansietas berdasarkan GAD-7 antara kedua kelompok (p=0,000). Simpulan penelitian ini ialah terdapat perbedaan bermakna dalam derajat ansietas antara penyandang hipertensi yang belum terkontrol dengan yang terkontrol. Skrining ansietas pada penyandang hipertensi merupakan modalitas penting dalam penatalaksanaan penyandang hipertensi.Kata kunci: ansietas, hipertensi belum terkontrol, hipertensi terkontrol

scholarly journals Psychological Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Healthcare Workers in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: Perceived Stress Scale Measures

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 377-388
Author(s):  
Nuha Alwaqdani ◽  
Hala A. Amer ◽  
Reem Alwaqdani ◽  
Fahad AlMansour ◽  
Hind A. Alzoman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Perceived Stress ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
High Stress ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Perceived Stress Scale ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Stress Scale ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Stress Levels

Abstract Background The COVID-19 pandemic has been stressful and of considerable concern among health care workers (HCWs). Being particularly at increased risk for exposure, HCWs worry about becoming infected as well as infecting co-workers, patients and family members. Such distress and panic may have destructive effects on individuals and may last long after the pandemic situation leading to depression or post-traumatic stress disorder. Therefore, the aim of the current study is to measure and investigate the prevalence of the factors affecting psychological stress during the COVID-19 pandemic among HCWs. Methods A self-administered online survey—including perceived stress scale (PSS) questions—was disseminated among HCWs in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (SA) between1st June and 30th July 2020. Results A total of 469 HCWs responded to the survey for a high response rate (93.8%). The PSS revealed that 15.8% of the respondents were suffering from high stress levels, 77.2% were suffering from moderate stress levels and 7% with low stress levels. Females and junior frontline staff reported more severe stress levels. Participation on the pandemic team shows significant impact on stress levels. Conclusion COVID-19 pandemic has increased stress levels among HCWs and affects their psychological wellbeing. Designing programs promoting HCWs mental health are crucial and emotional and psychological support strategies should be part of every public health crisis management plan.

scholarly journals PENERAPAN ART THERAPY UNTUK MENGURANGI PERILAKU AVOIDANCE DALAM GAD PADA DEWASA AWAL YANG BEKERJA

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 520
Author(s):  
Helen Helen ◽  
Monty P. Satiadarma ◽  
Rismiyati E. Koesma
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Art Therapy ◽  
Generalized Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Avoidance Behavior ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Daily Activities ◽  
Generalized Anxiety ◽  
Snowball Sampling ◽  
Anxiety Levels

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) memiliki perilaku menghindar yang dilakukan secara berulang ketika mengalami kecemasan yang berlebihan. Perilaku menghindar dijadikan sebagai bentuk koping untuk mengurangi perasaan cemas tersebut, sehingga individu menjadi tergantung pada perilaku menghindar dan cenderung akan dilakukan kembali ketika menghadapi kecemasan di lain waktu. Dalam penelitian ini, sebagian besar partisipan dengan usia sekitar 22-28 tahun dengan subyek sebanyak 5 perempuan dan 1 laki-laki melaporkan bahwa kecemasan menyebabkan perubahan dalam pekerjaan dan kegiatan sehari-hari, sehingga terganggunya aktivitas sehari-hari  dan pekerjaan menjadi tidak optimal. Perilaku menghindar diukur dengan Multidimensional Experiental Avoidance Questionnaire (MEAQ) dan dan tingkat kecemasan GAD diukur dengan menggunakan skala The GAD-7. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif untuk menggambarkan perilaku menghindar dan metode kuantitatif untuk melihat efektivitas art therapy dalam mengurangi perilaku menghindar dan menurunkan tingkat kecemasan pada dewasa awal. Teknik pengambilan sampel dengan menggunakan metode snowball sampling. Pemberian art therapy pada masing-masing subyek dilakukan sebanyak tujuh sesi. Dalam penelitian ini, art therapy telah terbukti dapat mengurangi perilaku menghindar dan menurunkan tingkat kecemasan pada dewasa awal yang sedang bekerja dengan menunjukan perubahan perilaku menghindar dan tingkat kecemasan sebelum dan sesudah intervensi. Keberhasilan penelitian art therapy ini juga dipengaruhi oleh adanya kesadaran para partisipan untuk secara konsisten dalam mengikuti sesi terapi.  Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) includes repeating avoidance behavior when experiencing excessive anxiety. Avoidance behavior is a coping mechanism to reduce anxiety, resulting in individuals become dependent on avoidance behavior and tend to repeat it again when facing anxiety in the future. In this study, most participants aged around 22-28 years with as many as 5 women and 1 man reported that anxiety caused changes in work and daily activities, where there is disruption of daily activities and work become less than optimal. Avoidance behavior is measured by Multidimensional Experiental Avoidance Questionnaire (MEAQ) and GAD anxiety levels are measured using The GAD-7 scale. This study uses qualitative methods to describe avoidance behavior and quantitative methods to see the effectiveness of art therapy in reducing avoidance behavior and reducing anxiety levels in young adults. The sampling method used was snowball sampling method. Administration of art therapy in each subject was done in seven sessions. In this study, art therapy is shown to reduce avoidance behavior and reduce anxiety levels in working young adults by the changes in avoidance behavior and anxiety levels after intervention. The success of this art therapy research is also influenced by the consistency of subjects’ participation in therapy sessions.

scholarly journals Stress and anxiety among physicians during the COVID-19 outbreak in the Iraqi Kurdistan Region: An online survey

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. e0253903
Author(s):  
Banaz A. Saeed ◽  
Nazar P. Shabila ◽  
Aram Jalal Aziz
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Generalized Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Perceived Stress ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
High Stress ◽  
Considerable Proportion ◽  
Generalized Anxiety ◽  
Kurdistan Region ◽  
Iraqi Kurdistan ◽  
Severe Anxiety

Background During infectious disease outbreaks, healthcare workers are at high risk of infection, infecting others, and psychological distress. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of stress and anxiety in physicians during the COVID-19 outbreak in the Iraqi Kurdistan Region and assess their associated factors. Methods This cross-sectional study was carried out in Erbil, Iraqi Kurdistan Region, from March 28 to April 15, 2020. An online self-administered survey questionnaire was used to collect data from physicians working in specialized COVID-19 centers and other healthcare facilities. The level of stress was measured based on the 10-items Perceived Stress Scale. The level of anxiety was measured based on the 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale. Results A total of 370 participants responded to the perceived stress component of the survey, of whom 57 (15.4%) had low perceived stress, 249 (67.3%) had moderate stress, and 64 (17.3%) had high stress. Being female was significantly associated with having moderate/high stress (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 2.40 (95% CI 1.31–4.39)). A total of 201 participants responded to the generalized anxiety disorder component of the survey, of whom 19 (9.5%) had no anxiety, 57 (28.4%) had mild anxiety, 79 (39.3%) had moderate anxiety, and 46 (22.9%) had severe anxiety. Working in COVID-19 centers (AOR = 2.23 (95% CI 1.02–4.86)) and being general practitioners (AOR = 4.16 (95% CI 1.14–15.14)) were significantly associated with having moderate/severe anxiety. Conclusion A considerable proportion of physicians experience stress and anxiety during the COVID-19 outbreak in Iraqi Kurdistan region. Generalists and those in special COVID-19 units report the greatest anxiety. There a need to establish mechanisms to reduce the risks of stress and anxiety among physicians. Mental health coping interventions through counseling should be based on COVID-19 protocol guidelines. Interventions should also emphasize physicians’ ability to work safely and efficiently in providing care to the patients.

Magical Thinking in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Generalized Anxiety Disorder

2011 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 399-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bonnie West ◽  
Paul Willner
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Generalized Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Generalized Anxiety ◽  
Clinical Group ◽  
Magical Thinking ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean

Background: Magical thinking (MT), which has historically been associated with psychotic disorders, has more recently been found to be a central cognitive construct in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) that is associated with a poor prognosis (Einstein and Menzies, 2008). Although MT has been found to distinguish OCD from Panic Disorder (PD) (Einstein and Menzies, 2006), little is known about its role in other anxiety disorders. Aims: This study aimed to compare whether elevated levels of magical thinking could distinguish individuals with OCD from non-anxious controls and individuals with Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD). Method: The Magical Ideation Scale (MIS, Eckblad and Chapman, 1983) was used to compare levels of magical thinking in groups of individuals with OCD (n = 40), GAD (n = 15), and a normal control group (n = 19). Results: As expected, the mean MIS score of the OCD group was significantly higher than that of the non-clinical group. Interestingly, there was no significant difference between the mean MIS scores of the OCD and GAD group. However, the results of correlational analyses suggest that it may have differing roles in these disorders. Conclusions: Although elevated MT is evident in individuals with OCD, it may not be specific to OCD and may also be prominent in GAD. Further research is recommended to elucidate the exact role of this construct in these disorders.

Switching from long-term benzodiazepine therapy to pregabalin in patients with generalized anxiety disorder: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 461-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sallie J Hadley ◽  
Francine S Mandel ◽  
Edward Schweizer
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Generalized Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Generalized Anxiety ◽  
Double Blind Study ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale

To evaluate the efficacy of pregabalin in facilitating taper off chronic benzodiazepines, outpatients ( N = 106) with a lifetime diagnosis of generalized anxiety disorder (current diagnosis could be subthreshold) who had been treated with a benzodiazepine for 8–52 weeks were stabilized for 2–4 weeks on alprazolam in the range of 1–4 mg/day. Patients were then randomized to 12 weeks of double-blind treatment with either pregabalin 300–600 mg/day or placebo while undergoing a gradual benzodiazepine taper at a rate of 25% per week, followed by a 6-week benzodiazepine-free phase during which they continued double-blind study treatment. Outcome measures included ability to remain benzodiazepine-free (primary) as well as changes in Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM)-A and Physician Withdrawal Checklist (PWC). At endpoint, a non-significant higher proportion of patients remained benzodiazepine-free receiving pregabalin compared with placebo (51.4% vs 37.0%). Treatment with pregabalin was associated with significantly greater endpoint reduction in the HAM-A total score versus placebo (−2.5 vs +1.3; p < 0.001), and lower endpoint mean PWC scores (6.5 vs 10.3; p = 0.012). Thirty patients (53%) in the pregabalin group and 19 patients (37%) in the placebo group completed the study, reducing the power to detect a significant difference on the primary outcome. The results on the anxiety and withdrawal severity measures suggest that switching to pregabalin may be a safe and effective method for discontinuing long-term benzodiazepine therapy.

scholarly journals Galphimine-B Standardized Extract versus Alprazolam in Patients with Generalized Anxiety Disorder: A Ten-Week, Double-Blind, Randomized Clinical Trial

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ofelia Romero-Cerecero ◽  
Ana Laura Islas-Garduño ◽  
Alejandro Zamilpa ◽  
Armando Herrera-Arellano ◽  
Enrique Jiménez-Ferrer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Generalized Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Daytime Sleepiness ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Generalized Anxiety ◽  
Therapeutic Success ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Experimental Group

Galphimine-B (G-B), a compound isolated from Galphimia glauca, has been shown to possess important anxiolytic activity. In this study, we evaluated the effectiveness and tolerability of a G-B standardized extract (experimental treatment) that was administered daily for 10 weeks in patients with moderate or severe Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD). Alprazolam was used as control treatment and administered under the same conditions. A total of 167 patients were included. At the start of the study, the severe anxiety condition prevailed, with an average on the Hamilton Anxiety Scale of 35.1 ± 8.8 and 35.8 ± 8.1 points in the control and experimental groups, respectively. After the 10 weeks of administration, the average was reduced in the control group to 4.6 ± 6.5 points and in the experimental group to 3.5 ± 5.5 points. Therapeutic success in the control group was 85.7% and in the experimental group, 92.0%. A high proportion of patients (22.2%) treated with Alprazolam manifested daytime sleepiness, while in the group treated with the G-B standardized extract, daytime sleepiness was found in 4.7%. In conclusion, a G-B standardized extract demonstrated therapeutic effectiveness in patients with GAD, without exhibiting significant difference with Alprazolam, but showing fewer cases of daytime sleepiness. The trial was registered at http://clinicaltrials.gov by identifier: NCT03702803.

scholarly journals The Roles of S100B , IL-1β and IL-2 as Neuroinflammation Biomarkers in Generalized Anxiety Disorder

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhongxia Shen ◽  
Lijun Cui ◽  
Lie Ren ◽  
Mincai Qian ◽  
Yonggui Yuan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Generalized Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Generalized Anxiety ◽  
Serum S100b ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale ◽  
Neuro Inflammation ◽  
Roc Area ◽  
Inflammatory Molecules

Abstract Introduction: S100B is a neurotrophic factor regulates neuronal growth and plasticity via activating astrocytes and microglia through production of neuro-inflammatory molecules like interleukin (IL)-1β involved in many mental disorders, few studies have combined S100B and cytokines to explore their roles as neuro-inflammatory biomarkers in Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD). Methods: Serum S100B and cytokines (IL-1β , IL-2, IL-4 and IL-10) of 108 untreated GAD cases and 123 healthy controls were determined by enzyme linked-immuno-sorbent assay (ELISA) and then compared, while Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAMA) scores were measured to evaluate anxiety severity. Results: The serum S100B and IL-1β, IL-2 levels of GAD cases were lower than HC significantly (P<0.001), the IL-4 level of GAD were higher than HC (P<0.001), while IL-10 had no significant difference between two groups (P=0.215). The ROC area of S100B, IL-1β, IL-2 and IL-4 in diagnosis of GAD was (0.740 ± 0.032) , (0.900 ± 0.021) , (0.920 ± 0.018) and (0.696 ± 0.037) , all of them suggested a good predicting value (P < 0.001) , while the ROC area of IL-10 was (0.544 ± 0.038) (P = 0.251). The sensitivity of S-100B, IL-1β, IL-2 in diagnosis of GAD was 73.1%, 80.6%, 85.2%, while the specificity was 61.0%, 86.2%, 80.5%. The combination ROC area of S100B, IL-1β , IL-2 and IL-4 was (0.985 ± 0.006)(P < 0.001). Serum S100B was positively correlated with IL-2 and IL-4 (P <0.05)., while was negatively with HAMA scores (P <0.001). Conclusion: The serum S-100B, IL-1β, IL-2 levels of GAD were down-regulated while IL-4 was up-regulated, both IL-2 and IL-4 had a good diagnosis value in GAD separately while the combination of S100B and cytokines had a better diagnosis value which means the neuro-inflammation in GAD is a network regulated by many factors.

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