Long-Term Effects of Breastfeeding on Children’s Hospitalization for Respiratory Tract Infections and Diarrhea in Early Childhood in Japan

2015 ◽  
Vol 19 (9) ◽  
pp. 1956-1965 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michiyo Yamakawa ◽  
Takashi Yorifuji ◽  
Tsuguhiko Kato ◽  
Sachiko Inoue ◽  
Akiko Tokinobu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Tract Infections

scholarly journals Associations Between IFI44L Gene Variants and Rates of Respiratory Tract Infections During Early Childhood

2020 ◽  
Vol 223 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-165
Author(s):  
Johanna Lempainen ◽  
Laura S Korhonen ◽  
Katri Kantojärvi ◽  
Santtu Heinonen ◽  
Laura Toivonen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Otitis Media ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Acute Otitis Media ◽  
Respiratory Viruses ◽  
Birth Cohort Study ◽  
Type I ◽  
Gene Variants ◽  
Tract Infections

Abstract Background Genetic heterogeneity in type I interferon (IFN)–related gene IFI44L may account for variable susceptibility to respiratory tract infections (RTIs) in children. Methods In 2 prospective, population-based birth cohorts, the STEPS Study and the FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, IFI44L genotypes for rs273259 and rs1333969 were determined in relation to the development of RTIs until 1 or 2 years of age, respectively. At age 3 months, whole-blood transcriptional profiles were analyzed and nasal samples were tested for respiratory viruses in a subset of children. Results In the STEPS Study (n = 1135), IFI44L minor/minor gene variants were associated with lower rates of acute otitis media episodes (adjusted incidence rate ratio, 0.77 [95% confidence interval, .61–.96] for rs273259 and 0.74 [.55–.99] for rs1333969) and courses of antibiotics for RTIs (0.76 [.62–.95] and 0.73 [.56–.97], respectively. In the FinnBrain cohort (n = 971), IFI44L variants were associated with lower rates of RTIs and courses of antibiotics for RTIs. In respiratory virus–positive 3-month-old children, IFI44L gene variants were associated with decreased expression levels of IFI44L and several other IFN-related genes. Conclusions Variant forms of IFI44L gene were protective against early-childhood RTIs or acute otitis media, and they attenuated IFN pathway activation by respiratory viruses.

scholarly journals Early Childhood Antibiotic Treatment for Otitis Media and Other Respiratory Tract Infections Is Associated With Risk of Type 1 Diabetes: A Nationwide Register-Based Study With Sibling Analysis

Diabetes Care ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 991-999 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mona-Lisa Wernroth ◽  
Katja Fall ◽  
Bodil Svennblad ◽  
Jonas F. Ludvigsson ◽  
Arvid Sjölander ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Early Childhood ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Otitis Media ◽  
Antibiotic Treatment ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Tract Infections

scholarly journals The Long Term Chemotherapy with Erythromycin in Chronic Lower Respiratory Tract Infections

1986 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masayoshi SAWAKI ◽  
Riichiro MIKAMI ◽  
Keiichi MIKASA ◽  
Mikikazu KUNIMATSU ◽  
Shinsaku ITO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Tract Infections

Delayed prescribing of antibiotics for self-limiting respiratory tract infections in an urgent care out-of-hours setting

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 130-135
Author(s):  
Justine Dexter ◽  
Gerri Mortimore
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Urgent Care ◽  
Antibiotic Prescribing ◽  
Out Of Hours ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Health And Social Care ◽  
Tract Infections

Long-term overuse of antibiotics and inappropriate prescribing has led to widespread development of antimicrobial resistance. The Department of Health and Social Care recently published a five-year national action plan to reduce antimicrobial resistance, with the aim of reducing inappropriate antibiotic prescribing. This is mirrored in the NHS Long Term Plan, which aims to reduce unintentional exposure through a combination of antibiotic stewardship and leadership at all levels. An acute respiratory tract infection is one of the most common presentations in primary care, with 16.7% of all prescriptions issued attributed to it. Therefore, out-of-hours prescribers contribute significantly to general antibiotic consumption. This article analyses the practice of delayed prescribing of antibiotics for the treatment of self-limiting respiratory tract infections in an out-of-hours service. The advantages and disadvantages associated with delayed prescribing, to safely treat patients whilst facilitating the reduction of antimicrobial resistance, are discussed. In addition, recommendations for future practice are offered. This article also focuses on the development of an advanced nurse practitioner, reflecting on the four pillars of advanced practice, which underpin advanced clinical practice and associated competencies.

scholarly journals Homeopathy in the Age of Antimicrobial Resistance: Is It a Viable Treatment for Upper Respiratory Tract Infections?

Homeopathy ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 107 (02) ◽  
pp. 099-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison Fixsen
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Cohort Studies ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Antibiotic Prescribing ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Tract Infections

Background Acute upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) and their complications are the most frequent cause of antibiotic prescribing in primary care. With multi-resistant organisms proliferating, appropriate alternative treatments to these conditions are urgently required. Homeopathy presents one solution; however, there are many methods of homeopathic prescribing. This review of the literature considers firstly whether homeopathy offers a viable alternative therapeutic solution for acute URTIs and their complications, and secondly how such homeopathic intervention might take place. Method Critical review of post 1994 clinical studies featuring homeopathic treatment of acute URTIs and their complications. Study design, treatment intervention, cohort group, measurement and outcome were considered. Discussion focused on the extent to which homeopathy is used to treat URTIs, rate of improvement and tolerability of the treatment, complications of URTIs, prophylactic and long-term effects, and the use of combination versus single homeopathic remedies. Results Multiple peer-reviewed studies were found in which homeopathy had been used to treat URTIs and associated symptoms (cough, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, otitis media, acute sinusitis, etc.). Nine randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and 8 observational/cohort studies were analysed, 7 of which were paediatric studies. Seven RCTs used combination remedies with multiple constituents. Results for homeopathy treatment were positive overall, with faster resolution, reduced use of antibiotics and possible prophylactic and longer-term benefits. Conclusions Variations in size, location, cohort and outcome measures make comparisons and generalisations concerning homeopathic clinical trials for URTIs problematic. Nevertheless, study findings suggest at least equivalence between homeopathy and conventional treatment for uncomplicated URTI cases, with fewer adverse events and potentially broader therapeutic outcomes. The use of non-individualised homeopathic compounds tailored for the paediatric population merits further investigation, including through cohort studies. In the light of antimicrobial resistance, homeopathy offers alternative strategies for minor infections and possible prevention of recurring URTIs.

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