scholarly journals The Neural Bases of Drawing. A Meta-analysis and a Systematic Literature Review of Neurofunctional Studies in Healthy Individuals

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simona Raimo ◽  
Gabriella Santangelo ◽  
Luigi Trojano
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Processing ◽  
Parietal Lobe ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Temporal Cortex ◽  
Extrastriate Cortex ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Inferior Parietal Lobe ◽  
Wide Range

AbstractDrawing is a multi-component process requiring a wide range of cognitive abilities. Several studies on patients with focal brain lesions and functional neuroimaging studies on healthy individuals demonstrated that drawing is associated with a wide brain network. However, the neural structures specifically related to drawing remain to be better comprehended. We conducted a systematic review complemented by a meta-analytic approach to identify the core neural underpinnings related to drawing in healthy individuals. In analysing the selected studies, we took into account the type of the control task employed (i.e. motor or non-motor) and the type of drawn stimulus (i.e. geometric, figurative, or nonsense). The results showed that a fronto-parietal network, particularly on the left side of the brain, was involved in drawing when compared with other motor activities. Drawing figurative images additionally activated the inferior frontal gyrus and the inferior temporal cortex, brain areas involved in selection of semantic features of objects and in visual semantic processing. Moreover, copying more than drawing from memory was associated with the activation of extrastriate cortex (BA 18, 19). The activation likelihood estimation coordinate-based meta-analysis revealed a core neural network specifically associated with drawing which included the premotor area (BA 6) and the inferior parietal lobe (BA 40) bilaterally, and the left precuneus (BA 7).These results showed that a fronto-parietal network is specifically involved in drawing and suggested that a crucial role is played by the (left) inferior parietal lobe, consistent with classical literature on constructional apraxia.

scholarly journals Language networks in aphasia and health: a 1000 participant Activation Likelihood Estimate analysis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
James D. Stefaniak ◽  
Reem S. W. Alyahya ◽  
Matthew A. Lambon Ralph
Keyword(s):  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Temporal Cortex ◽  
Reverse Direction ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Spare Capacity ◽  
Post Stroke ◽  
Language Recovery ◽  
Language Network

AbstractAphasia recovery post-stroke is classically and most commonly hypothesised to rely on regions that were not involved in language premorbidly, through ‘neurocomputational invasion’ or engagement of ‘quiescent homologues’. Contemporary accounts have suggested, instead, that recovery might be supported by under-utilised areas of the premorbid language network, which are downregulated in health to save neural resources (‘variable neurodisplacement’). Despite the importance of understanding the neural bases of language recovery clinically and theoretically, there is no consensus as to which specific regions are activated more consistently in post-stroke aphasia (PSA) than healthy individuals. Accordingly, we performed an Activation Likelihood Estimation analysis of language functional neuroimaging studies in PSA and linked control data. We obtained coordinate-based functional neuroimaging data for 481 individuals with aphasia following left hemisphere stroke (one third of which was previously unpublished) and for 530 healthy controls. Instead of the language network expanding by activating novel right hemisphere regions ‘de novo’ post-stroke, as would be predicted by neurocomputational invasion/quiescent homologue engagement mechanisms of recovery, we found that multiple regions throughout both hemispheres were consistently activated during language tasks in PSA and controls. Multiple undamaged regions were less consistently activated in PSA than controls, including domain-general regions of medial superior frontal cortex and right fronto-temporal cortex. In the reverse direction, the right anterior insula and inferior frontal gyrus were more consistently activated in PSA than controls, particularly for executively-demanding comprehension tasks. These regions overlap with control networks known to be recruited during difficult tasks in healthy individuals and were more consistently activated by patients during higher than lower demand tasks in this meta-analysis. Overall, these findings run counter to neurocomputational invasion of the language network into new territory or engagement of quiescent homologues. Instead, many parts of the pre-existing language network are less consistently activated in PSA, except for more consistent use of spare capacity within right hemisphere executive-control related regions (cf. variable neurodisplacement). This study provides novel insights into the language network changes that occur post-stroke. Such knowledge is essential if we are to design neurobiologically-informed therapeutic interventions to facilitate language recovery.

scholarly journals Semantic Processing in the Anterior Temporal Lobes: A Meta-analysis of the Functional Neuroimaging Literature

2010 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 1083-1094 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Visser ◽  
E. Jefferies ◽  
M. A. Lambon Ralph
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Processing ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Temporal Cortex ◽  
Specific Pattern ◽  
Temporal Lobes ◽  
Dementia Patients ◽  
Baseline Task ◽  
Picture Stimuli ◽  
Anterior Temporal Lobes

The role of the anterior temporal lobes (ATLs) in semantic cognition is not clear from the current literature. Semantic dementia patients show a progressive and a specific semantic impairment, following bilateral atrophy of the ATLs. Neuroimaging studies of healthy participants, however, do not consistently show ATL activation during semantic tasks. Consequently, several influential theories of semantic memory do not ascribe a central role to the ATLs. We conducted a meta-analysis of 164 functional neuroimaging studies of semantic processing to investigate factors that might contribute to the inconsistency in previous results. Four factors influenced the likelihood of finding ATL activation: (1) the use of PET versus fMRI, reflecting the fact that fMRI but not PET is sensitive to distortion artifacts caused by large variations in magnetic susceptibility in the area of the ATL; (2) a field of view (FOV) of more than 15 cm, thereby ensuring whole-brain coverage; (3) the use of a high baseline task to prevent subtraction of otherwise uncontrolled semantic activation; (4) the inclusion of the ATL as an ROI. The type of stimuli or task did not influence the likelihood of ATL activation, consistent with the view that this region underpins an amodal semantic system. Spoken words, written words, and picture stimuli produced overlapping ATL peaks. On average, these were more inferior for picture-based tasks. We suggest that the specific pattern of ATL activation may be influenced by stimulus type due to variations across this region in the degree of connectivity with modality-specific areas in posterior temporal cortex.

Neural Encoding Correlates of High and Low Verbal Memory Performance

2006 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 68-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sibylle Heinze ◽  
Gudrun Sartory ◽  
Bernhard W. Müller ◽  
Armin de Greiff ◽  
Michael Forsting ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Verbal Memory ◽  
Parietal Lobe ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Extrastriate Cortex ◽  
Parahippocampal Gyrus ◽  
Premotor Area ◽  
High Performers ◽  
Rehearsal Strategy ◽  
Common Memory

Neuroimaging studies have indicated involvement of left prefrontal cortex and temporal areas in verbal memory processes. The current study used event-related functional neuroimaging to compare encoding of subsequently recalled and not recalled words in high and low memory performers. Fifteen healthy volunteers were given lists of words to learn with immediate recall and to read as a control condition. High performers reported to have visualized the words whereas low performers used a rehearsal strategy. Compared to reading, unsuccessful encoding was associated with thalamic and left premotor area (BA 6) activity. Comparing successful with unsuccessful learning yielded widespread activity of the left prefrontal and posterior temporal gyrus as well as the left superior parietal lobe in the whole group. Low performers showed activation of the left premotor area throughout learning and additionally of the left middle temporal and parahippocampal gyrus during successful encoding. High performers showed increased activation in the extrastriate cortex throughout learning and additionally in the left parietal post- and paracentral areas as well as in the right precuneus during successful encoding. The results suggest that high verbal memory performance is the result of spatiovisual activation concomitant to imagery and low performance of hippocampal and motor activation, the latter being associated with rehearsal, with a common memory circuit subserving both groups.

Visual Processing of Faces in Temporal Cortex: Physiological Evidence for a Modular Organization and Possible Anatomical Correlates

1991 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. H. Harries ◽  
D. I. Perrett
Keyword(s):  
Parietal Cortex ◽  
Face Processing ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Fluorescent Dyes ◽  
Parietal Lobe ◽  
Temporal Cortex ◽  
Superior Temporal Sulcus ◽  
Modular Organization ◽  
Spatial Awareness ◽  
Inferior Parietal Lobe

Physiological recordings along the length of the upper bank of the superior temporal sulcus (STS) revealed cells each of which was selectively responsive to a particular view of the head and body. Such cells were grouped in large patches 3-4 mm across. The patches were separated by regions of cortex containing cells responsive to other stimuli. The distribution of cells projecting from temporal cortex to the posterior regions of the inferior parietal lobe was studied with retrogradely transported fluorescent dyes. A strong temporoparietal projection was found originating from the upper bank of the STS. Cells projecting to the parietal cortex occurred in large patches or bands. The size and periodicity of modules defined through anatomical connections matched the functional subdivisions of the STS cortex involved in face processing evident in physiological recordings. It is speculated that the temporoparietal projections could provide a route through which temporal lobe analysis of facial signals about the direction of others' attention can be passed to parietal systems concerned with spatial awareness.

P4658Left ventricular non-compaction, trait or cardiomyopathy

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
E Kayvanpour ◽  
F Sedaghat-Hamedani ◽  
W T Gi ◽  
O F Tugrul ◽  
A Amr ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Outcome ◽  
Heart Diseases ◽  
Pathological Condition ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Positive Family History ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Ebstein Anomaly ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract Background The diagnosis of cardiac hypertrabecularization has increased considerably in recent years. Whether or not the non-compaction is a pathological condition or a physiological trait is still highly debated. We performed a meta-analysis and systematic review on more than 7,000 adult individuals with left ventricular non-compaction to provide a comprehensive overview on its clinical outcome as well as its genetic background. Methods We first retrieved PubMed/Medline literatures in English language between 2000 to 2018 on clinical outcome and genotype of patients with non-compaction. Altogether, 35 studies with non-compaction cardiomyopathy patients passed the selection criteria and were extensively reviewed and meta-analyzed. Furthermore, we summarized the results of 8 major studies, which investigated the non-compaction in athletes, pregnant women, patients with sickle cell disease, or in individuals from population-based cohorts. Results About 60% of the patients with left-ventricular non-compaction cardiomyopathy were male. The diagnosis was mostly made in the mid of patients' 5th decade. Seven percent of patients had congenital heart diseases (CHD) including atrial/ventricular septum defect or Ebstein anomaly. Around 25% of the patients had positive family history for cardiomyopathy. Frequent phenotypic manifestations were heart rhythm abnormalities including conduction disease (26%), supraventricular tachycardia (17%), and sustained or non-sustained ventricular tachycardia (18%). Neuromuscular disease was a reported comorbidity with a mean frequency of 5%. Three important outcome measures including systemic thromboembolic events (9%), heart transplantation (4%), and adequate ICD therapy (15%) were reported. The genetics of non-compaction cardiomyopathy showed TTN to be the most frequently mutated gene (11%), followed by MYH7 (9%), MYBPC3 (5%), and CASQ2, LDB3 (3% each). TPM1, MIB1, ACTC1, and LMNA mutations had an average frequency of 2% each followed by PLN, HCN4, TAZ, DTNA, TNNT2, and RBM20 (1% each). Eight studies that investigated the occurrence of non-compacted myocardial regions in apparently heart healthy individuals applied different, established imaging-based diagnostic criteria for non-compaction and could confirm its presence in a wide range of 1.3% to 37%. Conclusion This meta-analysis summarizes the clinical presentation of left ventricular non-compaction in a large dataset and indicates that its presence often leads to unfavourable outcome, but can also be observed in heart healthy individuals. Multimodal diagnostic workflows are needed for comprehensive understanding of these individuals and for distinguishing between benign morphological trait and manifest cardiomyopathy.

The Constraints Functional Neuroimaging Places on Classical Models of Auditory Word Processing

2001 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 754-765 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. L. Giraud ◽  
C. J. Price
Keyword(s):  
Word Processing ◽  
Semantic Processing ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Functional Integration ◽  
Temporal Cortex ◽  
Superior Temporal Gyrus ◽  
Inferior Temporal Cortex ◽  
Auditory Presentation ◽  
Classical Models ◽  
Auditory Noise

Several previous functional imaging experiments have demonstrated that auditory presentation of speech, relative to tones or scrambled speech, activate the superior temporal sulci (STS) bilaterally. In this study, we attempted to segregate the neural responses to phonological, lexical, and semantic input by contrasting activation elicited by heard words, meaningless syllables, and environmental sounds. Inevitable differences between the duration and amplitude of each stimulus type were controlled with auditory noise bursts matched to each activation stimulus. Half the subjects were instructed to say “okay” in response to presentation of all stimuli. The other half repeated back the words and syllables, named the source of the sounds, and said “okay” to the control stimuli (noise bursts). We looked for stimulus effects that were consistent across task. The results revealed that central regions in the STS were equally responsive to speech (words and syllables) and familiar sounds, whereas the posterior and anterior regions of the left superior temporal gyrus were more active for speech. The effect of semantic input was small but revealed more activation in the inferior temporal cortex for words and familiar sounds than syllables and noise. In addition, words (relative to syllables, sounds, and noise) enhanced activation in the temporo-parietal areas that have previously been linked to modality independent semantic processing. Thus, in cognitive terms, we dissociate phono-logical (speech) and semantic responses and propose that word specificity arises from functional integration among shared phonological and semantic areas.

scholarly journals Mapping cortical brain asymmetry in 17,141 healthy individuals worldwide via the ENIGMA Consortium

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (22) ◽  
pp. E5154-E5163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiang-Zhen Kong ◽  
Samuel R. Mathias ◽  
Tulio Guadalupe ◽  
David C. Glahn ◽  
Barbara Franke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Cortical Thickness ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Brain Asymmetry ◽  
Parahippocampal Gyrus ◽  
Intracranial Volume ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Brain Organization

Hemispheric asymmetry is a cardinal feature of human brain organization. Altered brain asymmetry has also been linked to some cognitive and neuropsychiatric disorders. Here, the ENIGMA (Enhancing NeuroImaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis) Consortium presents the largest-ever analysis of cerebral cortical asymmetry and its variability across individuals. Cortical thickness and surface area were assessed in MRI scans of 17,141 healthy individuals from 99 datasets worldwide. Results revealed widespread asymmetries at both hemispheric and regional levels, with a generally thicker cortex but smaller surface area in the left hemisphere relative to the right. Regionally, asymmetries of cortical thickness and/or surface area were found in the inferior frontal gyrus, transverse temporal gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, and entorhinal cortex. These regions are involved in lateralized functions, including language and visuospatial processing. In addition to population-level asymmetries, variability in brain asymmetry was related to sex, age, and intracranial volume. Interestingly, we did not find significant associations between asymmetries and handedness. Finally, with two independent pedigree datasets (n = 1,443 and 1,113, respectively), we found several asymmetries showing significant, replicable heritability. The structural asymmetries identified and their variabilities and heritability provide a reference resource for future studies on the genetic basis of brain asymmetry and altered laterality in cognitive, neurological, and psychiatric disorders.

scholarly journals Structural and effective brain connectivity underlying biological motion detection

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (51) ◽  
pp. E12034-E12042 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arseny A. Sokolov ◽  
Peter Zeidman ◽  
Michael Erb ◽  
Philippe Ryvlin ◽  
Karl J. Friston ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Motion ◽  
Effective Connectivity ◽  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Functional Integration ◽  
Temporal Cortex ◽  
Causal Modeling ◽  
High Angular Resolution ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Crus I ◽  
The Right

The perception of actions underwrites a wide range of socio-cognitive functions. Previous neuroimaging and lesion studies identified several components of the brain network for visual biological motion (BM) processing, but interactions among these components and their relationship to behavior remain little understood. Here, using a recently developed integrative analysis of structural and effective connectivity derived from high angular resolution diffusion imaging (HARDI) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we assess the cerebro-cerebellar network for processing of camouflaged point-light BM. Dynamic causal modeling (DCM) informed by probabilistic tractography indicates that the right superior temporal sulcus (STS) serves as an integrator within the temporal module. However, the STS does not appear to be a “gatekeeper” in the functional integration of the occipito-temporal and frontal regions: The fusiform gyrus (FFG) and middle temporal cortex (MTC) are also connected to the right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) and insula, indicating multiple parallel pathways. BM-specific loops of effective connectivity are seen between the left lateral cerebellar lobule Crus I and right STS, as well as between the left Crus I and right insula. The prevalence of a structural pathway between the FFG and STS is associated with better BM detection. Moreover, a canonical variate analysis shows that the visual sensitivity to BM is best predicted by BM-specific effective connectivity from the FFG to STS and from the IFG, insula, and STS to the early visual cortex. Overall, the study characterizes the architecture of the cerebro-cerebellar network for BM processing and offers prospects for assessing the social brain.

scholarly journals Multi-tissue neocortical transcriptome-wide association study implicates 8 genes across 6 genomic loci in Alzheimer’s disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jake Gockley ◽  
Kelsey S. Montgomery ◽  
William L. Poehlman ◽  
Jesse C. Wiley ◽  
Yue Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Association Study ◽  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Temporal Cortex ◽  
European Ancestry ◽  
Common Genetic Variants ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract Background Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an incurable neurodegenerative disease currently affecting 1.75% of the US population, with projected growth to 3.46% by 2050. Identifying common genetic variants driving differences in transcript expression that confer AD risk is necessary to elucidate AD mechanism and develop therapeutic interventions. We modify the FUSION transcriptome-wide association study (TWAS) pipeline to ingest gene expression values from multiple neocortical regions. Methods A combined dataset of 2003 genotypes clustered to 1000 Genomes individuals from Utah with Northern and Western European ancestry (CEU) was used to construct a training set of 790 genotypes paired to 888 RNASeq profiles from temporal cortex (TCX = 248), prefrontal cortex (FP = 50), inferior frontal gyrus (IFG = 41), superior temporal gyrus (STG = 34), parahippocampal cortex (PHG = 34), and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC = 461). Following within-tissue normalization and covariate adjustment, predictive weights to impute expression components based on a gene’s surrounding cis-variants were trained. The FUSION pipeline was modified to support input of pre-scaled expression values and support cross validation with a repeated measure design arising from the presence of multiple transcriptome samples from the same individual across different tissues. Results Cis-variant architecture alone was informative to train weights and impute expression for 6780 (49.67%) autosomal genes, the majority of which significantly correlated with gene expression; FDR < 5%: N = 6775 (99.92%), Bonferroni: N = 6716 (99.06%). Validation of weights in 515 matched genotype to RNASeq profiles from the CommonMind Consortium (CMC) was (72.14%) in DLPFC profiles. Association of imputed expression components from all 2003 genotype profiles yielded 8 genes significantly associated with AD (FDR < 0.05): APOC1, EED, CD2AP, CEACAM19, CLPTM1, MTCH2, TREM2, and KNOP1. Conclusions We provide evidence of cis-genetic variation conferring AD risk through 8 genes across six distinct genomic loci. Moreover, we provide expression weights for 6780 genes as a valuable resource to the community, which can be abstracted across the neocortex and a wide range of neuronal phenotypes.

scholarly journals Barking up the right tree: Univariate and multivariate fMRI analyses of homonym comprehension

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Hoffman ◽  
Andres Tamm
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Processing ◽  
Control Function ◽  
Semantic Representation ◽  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Temporal Cortex ◽  
Unrelated Word ◽  
Test Case ◽  
Neuroimaging Data ◽  
The Right

AbstractHomonyms are a critical test case for investigating how the brain resolves ambiguity in language and, more generally, how context influences semantic processing. Previous neuroimaging studies have associated processing of homonyms with greater engagement of regions involved in executive control of semantic processing. However, the precise role of these areas and the involvement of semantic representational regions in homonym comprehension remain elusive. We addressed this by combining univariate and multivariate fMRI analyses of homonym processing. We tested whether multi-voxel activation patterns could discriminate between presentations of the same homonym in different contexts (e.g., bark following tree vs. bark following dog). The ventral anterior temporal lobe, implicated in semantic representation but not previously in homonym comprehension, showed this meaning-specific coding, despite not showing increased mean activation for homonyms. Within inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), a key site for semantic control, there was a dissociation between pars orbitalis, which also showed meaning-specific coding, and pars triangularis, which discriminated more generally between semantically related and unrelated word pairs. IFG effects were goal-dependent, only occurring when the task required semantic decisions, in line with a top-down control function. Finally, posterior middle temporal cortex showed a hybrid pattern of responses, supporting the idea that it acts as an interface between semantic representations and the control system. The study provides new evidence for context-dependent coding in the semantic system and clarifies the role of control regions in processing ambiguity. It also highlights the importance of combining univariate and multivariate neuroimaging data to fully elucidate the role of a brain region in semantic cognition.

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