Different arbuscular mycorrhizal interactions in male and female plants of wild Carica papaya L.

Jacaratia mexicana is not only an endemic and typical tropical dry forest tree of Mexico, it is considered as a direct ancestor of the papayo (Carica papaya). Locally it is mainly used in traditional medicine, for human food or for feeding backyard animals (forage plant), but its use value is very restricted or even unknown. Nevertheless, various abiotic and anthropogenic pressures in its Mexican habitat are causing populations of this tree to decline alarmingly. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are microorganisms that have an important role for the regeneration of tree species by increasing their ability to absorb water and nutrients. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of AMF on growth and survival of seedlings of J.mexicana transplanted within a fragmented area of the remaining dry forest located in the central portion of the state of Veracruz. We measured height, stem diameter, number of leaves, percent seedling survival and mycorrhizal colonization. Results showed increases in all growth-related variables when seedlings were inoculated with AMF. The results suggest that micosymbionts can play a critical role for the regeneration of J.mexicana and possibly other species of tree within the dry forest, especially helping this endemic species that is currently surviving in a fragmented environment under unfavorable conditions of low availability of water and nutrients.Supervivencia y crecimiento de plántulas de Jacaratia mexicana inoculadas con hongos micorrícico arbusculares dentro de un bosque tropical secoJacaratia mexicana no es solo un árbol endémico y típico de los bosques tropicales secos de México, sino que se le considera como ancestro evolutivo del papayo (Carica papaya). Se le aprecia en la medicina tradicional, para alimentación del ser humano o cría de animales de traspatio (planta forrajera), pero su valor de uso es muy restringido o incluso desconocido. Sin embargo, presiones abióticas y antropogénicas de su hábitat natural están causando una alarmante reducción de las poblaciones naturales de esta Caricaceae. Los hongos micorrízicos arbusculares (HMA) son microorganismos que juegan un papel importante en la regeneración de especies debido al aumento de su capacidad para absorber agua y nutrientes. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar el efecto de los HMA sobre el crecimiento y supervivencia de plántulas de J. mexicana trasplantadas dentro de un área fragmentada del bosque tropical seco ubicado en la parte central del estado de Veracruz. Se determinó en este estudio la altura, diámetro, número de hojas, porcentaje de supervivencia y colonización micorrízica. Los resultados muestran incrementos en todas las variables relacionadas con el crecimiento cuando las plántulas fueron inoculadas con HMA. Los resultados sugieren que estos micosimbiontes pueden desempeñar un papel fundamental para el establecimiento de árboles como J. mexicana y posiblemente de otros componentes dentro del bosque tropical seco, los cuales actualmente sobreviven en un entorno fragmentado y bajo condiciones desfavorables de baja disponibilidad de agua y nutrientes.

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Antibacterial Activities of the Aqueous and Ethanolic Extracts of the Male and Female Carica papaya Leaves on Some Pathogenic Bacteria

Bioengineering and Bioscience ◽

10.13189/bb.2017.050201 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 25-29

Author(s):

Awah N.S. ◽

Agu K.C. ◽

IIkedinma J.C. ◽

Uzoechi A.N. ◽

Eneite H.C. ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pathogenic Bacteria ◽

Carica Papaya ◽

Antibacterial Activities ◽

Male And Female ◽

Ethanolic Extracts

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Micorriza arbuscular, Mucoromycotina y hongos septados oscuros en helechos y licófitas con distribución en México: una revisión global

Revista de Biología Tropical ◽

10.15517/rbt.v65i3.29443 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 65 (3) ◽

pp. 1062

Author(s):

Luis Alberto Lara-Pérez ◽

Ramón Zulueta-Rodríguez ◽

Antonio Andrade-Torres

Keyword(s):

Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Experimental Studies ◽

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽

Conservation Strategies ◽

Growth And Survival ◽

Dark Septate Fungi ◽

Mycorrhizal Interactions ◽

Taxonomic Groups ◽

Fungal Interactions ◽

Ferns And Lycophytes

Ferns and lycophytes are a group of vascular plants of interest to understand the evolution of mycorrhizal interactions; their preservation is of relevance for their multiple ecological relations. The record of different taxonomic groups of fungi associated with ferns and lycophytes is fragmentary, and the criteria for it identification is inconsistent, which hinders the understanding and determination of mycorrhizal status. The aim of this study was to determine the percentage of the species of ferns and lycophytes with distribution in Mexico, and with information of fungal interactions. A checklist of the presence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), Mucoromycotina and dark septate fungi (DSF) associated with ferns and lycophytes was integrated through an exhaustive global literature search. In this study, mycorrhizal species was considered by the presence of arbuscules to differentiate with hyphal, vesicular and coils colonization. The study gathered a checklist of mycorrhizal occurrences of 27 families, 61 genus and 137 species of ferns and lycophytes, which covers 13.4 % of the species, 91 % of the genus and 77 % of the families distributed in Mexico. The 78.1 % of the species showed colonization, 56.2 % by AMF, 29.9 % by DSF and 0.72 % by Mucoromycotina fungi. From the total of the species, the higher presences of colonization were in terrestrial, epiphytic, saxicolous, and aquatic plants with 76.6 %, 33.3 %, 20 %, and 6.3 %, respectively. The families of ferns and lycophytes with the higher number of species colonized were Pteridaceae, Polypodiaceae, Aspleniaceae and Dryopteridaceae. The present study showed the widespread associations of AMF and DSF in ferns and lycophytes of Mexico. It is urgently needed to include ferns and lycophytes in studies focused on endomycorhizal interactions, since only 28 species (28 %) were studied in Mexican ecosystems. The majority of studies were focused on sporophytic face (80 %). Nonetheless, to understand the role that plays the mycorrhiza in the establishment of ferns and lycophytes, it is necessary to include the gametophytic face in ecological, molecular and physiological experimental studies. This information is important to implement conservation strategies, because a considerable number of ferns and lycophytes species, depend on these mycorrhizal associations for their growth and survival.

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Mycorrhizal fungi

The Biology of Coastal Sand Dunes ◽

10.1093/oso/9780198570356.003.0014 ◽

2009 ◽

Author(s):

M. Anwar Maun

Keyword(s):

Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Higher Plants ◽

Sand Dunes ◽

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽

Am Fungi ◽

Coastal Dunes ◽

Active Role ◽

Land Plant ◽

Vital Functions ◽

Mycorrhizal Interactions

Mycorrhizal fungi (mycobionts) form a ubiquitous mutualistic symbiotic association with the roots of higher plants (phytobionts) in coastal sand dunes worldwide. These obligate biotrophs perform vital functions in the survival, establishment and growth of plants by playing an active role in nutrient cycling. As such they serve as a crucial link between plants, fungi and soil at the soil–root interface (Rillig and Allen 1999). Mycorrhizas occur in a wide variety of habitats and ecosystems including aquatic habitats, cold or hot deserts, temperate and tropical coastal dunes, tropical rainforests, saline soils, volcanic tephra soils, prairies and coral substrates (Klironomos and Kendrick 1993). Simon et al. (1993) sequenced ribosomal DNA genes from 12 species of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and confirmed that mycorrhizas (fungal roots) fall into three families. He estimated that they originated about 353–462 million years ago and were instrumental in facilitating the colonization of ancient plants on land. Further evidence was provided by Remy et al. (1994) who discovered arbuscules in an early Devonian land plant, Aglaophyton major, and concluded that mycorrhizal fungi were already established on land > 400 million years ago. Thus the nutrient transfer mechanism of AM fungi was already in existence before the origin of roots. Plant roots probably evolved from rhizomes and AM fungi served as an important evolutionary step in the acquisition of water and mineral nutrients (Brundrett 2002). Over evolutionary time the divergence among these fungi has accompanied the radiation of land plants, and about 200 species of AM fungi have been recognized (Klironomos and Kendrick 1993) that exist in association with about 300 000 plant species in 90% of families (Smith and Read 1997), indicating that AM fungi are capable of colonizing many host species. Approximately 150 of the described mycorrhizal species may occur in sand dunes (Koske et al. 2004). Most host–fungus associations are beneficial to both the plant and the fungus and are thus regarded as mutualistic (++); however, the widespread use of the term mutualism (mutual benefit) for mycorrhizal interactions has been questioned because all associations are not beneficial to both the plant and fungus (Brundrett 2004).

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TPLATE Recruitment Reveals Endocytic Dynamics at Sites of Symbiotic Interface Assembly in Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Interactions

Frontiers in Plant Science ◽

10.3389/fpls.2019.01628 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 ◽

Author(s):

Giulia Russo ◽

Gennaro Carotenuto ◽

Valentina Fiorilli ◽

Veronica Volpe ◽

Antonella Faccio ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽

Mycorrhizal Interactions

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Influence on Different Types of Mycorrhizal Fungi on Crop Productivity in Ecosystem

International Letters of Natural Sciences ◽

10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilns.38.9 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 38 ◽

pp. 9-15 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

K. Ramakrishnan ◽

G. Bhuvaneswari

Keyword(s):

Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽

Am Fungi ◽

Heavy Metal Stress ◽

Crop Productivity ◽

Symbiotic Relationships ◽

Potential Benefits ◽

Mycorrhizal Interactions

Mycorrhizal fungi greatly enhanced the ability of plants to take up phosphorus and other nutrients those are relatively immobile and exist in low concentration in the soil solution. Fungi can be important in the uptake of other nutrients by the host plant. Mycorrhizae establish symbiotic relationships with plants and play an essential role in plant growth, disease protection, and overall soil quality. Of the seven types of mycorrhizae described in current scientific literature (arbuscular, ecto, ectendo, arbutoid, monotropoid, ericoid and orchidaceous mycorrhizae), the arbuscular and ectomycorrhizae are the most abundant and widespread. This chapter presents an overview of current knowledge of mycorrhizal interactions, processes, and potential benefits to society. The molecular basis of nutrient exchange between arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and host plants is presented; the role of AM fungi in disease protection, alleviation of heavy metal stress and increasing grain production. Most land plants form associations with mycorrhizal fungi. Mycorrhizas are mutualistic associations between fungi and plant roots. They are described as symbiotic because the fungus receives photo synthetically derived carbon compounds and the plant has increased access to mineral nutrients and sometimes water.

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