A breakpoint detection in the mean model with heterogeneous variance on fixed time intervals

Background: Fractures of the mandible can be studied and described in anatomic terms, functional considerations, treatment strategies, and outcome measures. The performance of any fixation system depends on multiple factors including plate adaptation, screw placement, bone quality, drilling conditions, and postoperative patient compliance. Bite force assesses masticatory muscle function under clinical and experimental conditions. Method: 30 patients with isolated, noncomminuted mandibular fractures were randomly divided into two equal groups. Group 1 patients were treated using 3-dimensional locking miniplates and group 2 patients were treated with standard miniplates. The bite forces were recorded at definite time intervals: preoperatively, and second week, sixth week, third month, and sixth month postoperatively. Result: At 6 weeks postoperative, 3 month postoperative, and 6 month postoperative, the mean bite force was found to be significantly higher among group 1 patients as compared to those in group 2 in all the sites. While at 2 week postoperative, the mean bite force was found to be significantly higher in Group 2 as compared to Group 1 at incisor region. Conclusion: The overall results of the present study show better performance in bite force for the 3-dimensional locking miniplate when compared with standard miniplates.

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Annual hazard rates of recurrence for breast cancer after primary therapy.

Journal of Clinical Oncology ◽

10.1200/jco.1996.14.10.2738 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 14 (10) ◽

pp. 2738-2746 ◽

Cited By ~ 592

Author(s):

T Saphner ◽

D C Tormey ◽

R Gray

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group ◽

Entire Group ◽

Hazard Rates ◽

Primary Therapy ◽

Time Intervals ◽

Differentiating Agents ◽

The Mean ◽

Lower Hazard

PURPOSE To determine if the long-term increase of recurrence for breast cancer is stable or slowly decreasing, or if it ever reaches zero; and to determine the effect of prognostic factors on the hazard of recurrence. METHODS All patients entered onto the seven completed and unblinded Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) coordinated studies of postoperative adjuvant therapy for breast cancer were analyzed in terms of annual hazard of recurrence of breast cancer. RESULTS For the entire group, the peak hazard of recurrence occurred in the interval of 1 to 2 years. The hazard decreased consistently in the interval of 2 to 5 years. Beyond 5 years, the hazard of recurrence decreased very, very slowly through year 12. The average hazard of recurrence between years 5 and 12 for the entire population was 4.3% per year. The pattern of a peak hazard of recurrence during the first 5 years with a slowly decreasing hazard of recurrence beyond 5 years was also observed to varying degrees in most subsets. Higher risk subsets such as patients with more than three nodes positive had a higher hazard of recurrence at all time intervals, while lower risk subsets such as patients with negative nodes had a lower hazard of recurrence in all time periods. CONCLUSION Patients 5 years postsurgery for breast cancer appear to have a very slowly decreasing hazard of recurrence. The mean hazard of recurrence between years 5 to 12 postsurgery is 4.3% per year. This group of patients may be well suited for trials evaluating cytostatic drugs or differentiating agents.

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Sampling Adjustment Factors for Rainfall Recorded at Fixed Time Intervals

Journal of Hydrologic Engineering ◽

10.1061/(asce)1084-0699(2003)8:5(294) ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 8 (5) ◽

pp. 294-296 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

C. Bryan Young ◽

Bruce M. McEnroe

Keyword(s):

Fixed Time ◽

Time Intervals ◽

Adjustment Factors

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Association Between Osteoarticular Scores and Acute Phase Reactant Levels in Rheumatoid Arthritis

Journal of Medical Biochemistry ◽

10.2478/v10011-008-0031-2 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 28 (2) ◽

pp. 116-121 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Irena Kafeđiska ◽

Dejan Spasovski ◽

Todor Gruev ◽

Mane Grličkov ◽

Kočo Cakalaroski ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽

Acute Phase ◽

Acute Phase Reactant ◽

Control Group ◽

Time Intervals ◽

Acute Phase Reactants ◽

Mean Values ◽

Cell Counts ◽

Phase Reactant ◽

The Mean

Association Between Osteoarticular Scores and Acute Phase Reactant Levels in Rheumatoid Arthritis The aim of this prospective control study was a quantitative evaluation of the activity of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in certain time intervals, using articular indexes (set of 28 sensitive and 28 swollen joints), laboratory parameters (Hb, Hct, Er, Le and Plt) and acute phase reactants (ESR, RF, CRP); to determine which of the acute phase reactants is the most useful biochemical marker for the evaluation of disease activity in RA; to quantify the therapeutical and laboratory differences in certain time intervals in the group with and without immunomodulatory therapy with Methotrexate. Sixty patients with RA were included, 27 of who were treated with non-steroid antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and Methotrexate (MTX). The control group consisted of 33 patients treated only with NSAIDs because of irregular controls. In the first group of patients the disease activity was estimated at four time intervals, and in the control group of patients at three time intervals following the scores of the articular indexes, blood cell counts, ESR and CRP in every patient. In the first group of patients decreased activity of RA was found upon every following control with a consecutive decrease in mean values of the scores of articular indexes with statistically significant differences at the four time intervals. Considering laboratory parameters, there were statistically significant differences in the mean values of Hb, Er, Plt, ESR, (p=0.0462, p=0.0076, p= 0.0058, p= 0.0003). Mean values of CRP did not show statistically significant differences, but the number of patients who were CRP negative increased (there were great standard deviations). In the group of patients treated only with NSAIDs, there were statistically significant differences in the mean values of the scores of articular indexes with an increse at every following control (in favour of progression of the disease). There were no statistically significant differences considering blood cell counts, ESR and CRP (in favour of permanently active disease). In conclusion, CRP is the most useful marker for the prospective follow-up of patients with RA.

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Effect of Injection Pressure of Infiltration Anesthesia to the Jawbone

Anesthesia Progress ◽

10.2344/15-00024.1 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 63 (3) ◽

pp. 131-138 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Kenji Yoshida ◽

Eri Tanaka ◽

Hiroyoshi Kawaai ◽

Shinya Yamazaki

Keyword(s):

Local Anesthetic ◽

White Male ◽

Injection Pressure ◽

Time Interval ◽

Time Intervals ◽

Lidocaine Concentration ◽

The Mean ◽

High Concentrations ◽

Infiltration Anesthesia ◽

Local Anesthetic Infiltration

To obtain effective infiltration anesthesia in the jawbone, high concentrations of local anesthetic are needed. However, to reduce pain experienced by patients during local anesthetic administration, low-pressure injection is recommended for subperiosteal infiltration anesthesia. Currently, there are no studies regarding the effect of injection pressure on infiltration anesthesia, and a standard injection pressure has not been clearly determined. Hence, the effect of injection pressure of subperiosteal infiltration anesthesia on local anesthetic infiltration to the jawbone was considered by directly measuring lidocaine concentration in the jawbone. Japanese white male rabbits were used as test animals. After inducing general anesthesia with oxygen and sevoflurane, cannulation to the femoral artery was performed and arterial pressure was continuously recorded. Subperiosteal infiltration anesthesia was performed by injecting 0.5 mL of 2% lidocaine containing 1/80,000 adrenaline, and injection pressure was monitored by a pressure transducer for 40 seconds. After specified time intervals (10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 minutes), jawbone and blood samples were collected, and the concentration of lidocaine at each time interval was measured. The mean injection pressure was divided into 4 groups (100 ± 50 mm Hg, 200 ± 50 mm Hg, 300 ± 50 mm Hg, and 400 ± 50 mm Hg), and comparison statistical analysis between these 4 groups was performed. No significant change in blood pressure during infiltration anesthesia was observed in any of the 4 groups. Lidocaine concentration in the blood and jawbone were highest 10 minutes after the infiltration anesthesia in all 4 groups and decreased thereafter. Lidocaine concentration in the jawbone increased as injection pressure increased, while serum lidocaine concentration was significantly lower. This suggests that when injection pressure of subperiosteal infiltration anesthesia is low, infiltration of local anesthetic to the jawbone may be reduced, while transfer to oral mucosa and blood may be increased.

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Retinomotor movements in the Antarctic fish Trematomus newnesi Boulenger submitted to different environmental light conditions

Revista Brasileira de Zoologia ◽

10.1590/s0101-81752007000200025 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 24 (2) ◽

pp. 457-462 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Lucélia Donatti ◽

Edith Fanta

Keyword(s):

Pigment Epithelium ◽

Antarctic Fish ◽

Constant Darkness ◽

Time Intervals ◽

Mean Values ◽

Environmental Light ◽

The Mean ◽

The Difference ◽

The One ◽

The Antarctic

The Antarctic fish Trematomus newnesi (Boulenger, 1902) occurs from benthic to pelagic habitats, in seasonally and daily varied photic conditions that induce retinomotor movements. Fish were experimentally kept under constant darkness or light, and 12Light/12Dark for seven days. The retinomotor movement of the pigment epithelium was established through the pigment index, while that of the cones was calculated as the length of the myoid. The retinomotor movement of the pigment epithelium in T.newnesi,revealed that the adaptation to constant light occurred in the one hour of exposure, remaining constant for the next seven days. However, the adaptation to constant darkness, was slower. The difference between the mean values of the pigment indices in the time intervals of sampling was significant in the first hours of the experiment, and only after six hours they were not significant any more. The myoid of cones became elongated in darkness and contracted in light. In the experiments where T.newnesiwas exposed initially to 12 hours light followed by 12 hours darkness 12 was evidenced that the speed and intensity of the retinomotor movements was higher when darkness changed into light, than when light changed into darkness.

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Biosurfactant production and its effects on solubilization activity of phenanthrene: a longitudinal study

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2016.232 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 74 (3) ◽

pp. 580-585

Author(s):

Masoumeh Golshan ◽

Maryam Dastoorpour ◽

Roshanak Rezaei Kalantary

Keyword(s):

Time Course ◽

Inoculum Size ◽

Biosurfactant Production ◽

Practical Application ◽

Time Intervals ◽

Initial Inoculum ◽

Bacterial Inoculum ◽

Polycyclic Aromatic ◽

The Mean ◽

Time Course Study

Pseudomonas facilis and Pseudomonasspp., isolated on the basis of its ability to grow on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, was assayed for biosurfactant production (BP) potentials by measuring the surface tension (ST) of the culture supernatant at different time intervals. The strains in three levels of initial inoculum size (OD600 nm = 0.5, 1, 1.5) were added to medium to determine if bacterial inoculum size affects solubilization of phenanthrene (PHE).The result showed that although the two strains reduced the mean ST to less than 34.12 mN m−1 at the end of day 6, mean solubilization activity of PHE reached 77.05 mg L−1 on the sixth day. There was a significant increase in BP over time (P = 0.008); reaching its peak, 157.84 mg L−1, at the end of the sixth day. Mean solubilization activity of PHE was not significantly different for the two strains (P = 0.216). The time-course study revealed that the ST reduction and BP potential was enhanced as inoculation size increased, leading to higher PHE solubility during the incubation time. However, the trend of increase in PHE solubility was not totally in the same way to cell growth and BP. It may be suggested that more bacterial density needs to be inoculated for practical application of effective bioremediation.

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A Rapid and Effective Method to Prolong Pain Relief in Sheep Using Bupivacaine and Intralipid ® Combination

Open Access Journal of Veterinary Science & Research ◽

10.23880/oajvsr-16000185 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 4 (3) ◽

pp. 1-6

Author(s):

Farzin Sahebjam

Keyword(s):

Nerve Block ◽

Final Concentration ◽

Noxious Stimulus ◽

Control Group ◽

Multiple Time ◽

Treatment Results ◽

Time Intervals ◽

Nerve Blocks ◽

Duration Of Action ◽

The Mean

Background : To compare the duration of action of a local anesthetic block using a lipid formulation of bupivacaine to the commercially available aqueous formulation. Bupivacaine 0.5% was mixed with an equal volume of either lipid emulsion (Intralipid, Fresenius Kabi) or normal saline resulting in a final concentration of 0.25% bupivacaine. Eighteen sheep were administered a n erve block of either control or treatment at the metacarpal region of each forelimb to compare the efficacy of the injected formulations. The nociceptive test was determined by applying a blunt noxious stimulus to the foot below the nerve block at multiple time intervals until the sheep responded by withdrawing its foot. The person assessing the response to the noxious stimulus was blinded to the treatment. Results: The Intralipid formulation significantly extended the duration of the nerve block compared to the control group. The mean analgesic period (mean±SD) in the control legs was 4.23±1.8 hr. compared to 5.81±1.78 hr. in the Intralipid injected legs (p=0.013). Conclusions : In conclusion, an Intralipid® - based formulation provided a more prolonged dura tion of local anesthesia after nerve blocks in the sheep metacarpal region compared to aqueous bupivacaine.

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Time Intervals From Onset of Clinical Manifestations to Treatment in Patients With Cancer at Hospital General San Felipe, Tegucigalpa, Honduras

Journal of Global Oncology ◽

10.1200/jgo.19.00107 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

José A. Sánchez ◽

Mayra G. Handal ◽

Juan F. Vílchez Rodriguez ◽

Sinthia I. Mejía ◽

Annye P. Pagoaga

Keyword(s):

Clinical Manifestations ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Clinical Staging ◽

Time Interval ◽

Pathology Report ◽

Time Intervals ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Patients With Cancer ◽

The Mean ◽

Mean Time

PURPOSE In cancer, clinical staging is related to outcomes, and this is linked to the evolution of the disease over time. In Honduras, cancer mortality is high, and time intervals from onset of symptoms to treatment of cancer are not known. We conducted a cross-sectional study to determine these intervals. PATIENTS AND METHODS This investigation was carried out from April 25 to August 30, 2018, and included 202 patients at the main cancer referral center in Honduras. For the purposes of the study, information was obtained from patients, their caregiver, medical records, or treatment cards. Patients older than age 18 years were included after informed consent was signed. RESULTS The mean time interval from onset of symptoms to cancer treatment was 232 days. Different intervals of time were identified, and the mean of these intervals was calculated in days as follows: 68 days from onset of symptoms to first medical evaluation; 146 days from first evaluation to oncologist consultation; 26 days from cancer specialist to the pathology report; and 86 days from the histopathologic diagnosis to the beginning of treatment. Once diagnosis was established, the average elapsed times to chemotherapy, radiotherapy, surgery, and chemoradiotherapy were 88, 102, 76, and 154 days, respectively ( P < .05, when surgery is compared against chemotherapy and radiotherapy). CONCLUSION The mean time interval from symptom presentation to treatment in patients with cancer is more than 7 months. This could explain the advanced stages of disease seen at the time of treatment in Honduras, which decrease chance of cure and increase the mortality rate of cancer). Appropriate intervention to decrease these intervals must be taken to reduce mortality.

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SHCal20 Southern Hemisphere Calibration, 0–55,000 Years cal BP

Radiocarbon ◽

10.1017/rdc.2020.59 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 62 (4) ◽

pp. 759-778 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Alan G Hogg ◽

Timothy J Heaton ◽

Quan Hua ◽

Jonathan G Palmer ◽

Chris SM Turney ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Southern Hemisphere ◽

Northern Hemisphere ◽

Tree Ring ◽

Calibration Curve ◽

Data Sets ◽

Errors In Variables ◽

Time Intervals ◽

Tree Ring Data ◽

The Mean ◽

Statistical Approaches

ABSTRACTEarly researchers of radiocarbon levels in Southern Hemisphere tree rings identified a variable North-South hemispheric offset, necessitating construction of a separate radiocarbon calibration curve for the South. We present here SHCal20, a revised calibration curve from 0–55,000 cal BP, based upon SHCal13 and fortified by the addition of 14 new tree-ring data sets in the 2140–0, 3520–3453, 3608–3590 and 13,140–11,375 cal BP time intervals. We detail the statistical approaches used for curve construction and present recommendations for the use of the Northern Hemisphere curve (IntCal20), the Southern Hemisphere curve (SHCal20) and suggest where application of an equal mixture of the curves might be more appropriate. Using our Bayesian spline with errors-in-variables methodology, and based upon a comparison of Southern Hemisphere tree-ring data compared with contemporaneous Northern Hemisphere data, we estimate the mean Southern Hemisphere offset to be 36 ± 27 14C yrs older.

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