Short-term impacts of biochar, tillage practices, and irrigation systems on nitrate and phosphorus concentrations in subsurface drainage water

Purpose: development of layout and design schemes for low-flow water intakes, arranged on shallow river and stream watercourses for supplying water to drip irrigation systems. Agricultural development of terraces and floodplains of small foothill and mountain streams actualizes the development of facilities for water intake from them for the purpose of irrigating land. Morphological and hydrographic features, including shallow low-water depths, high flow rates, flow rates variability, saturation with sediments, the presence of underflow and overflow runoff, etc., make water intake from such watercourses difficult and specific. These circumstances predetermine the relevance of water intake structures development corresponding to the specified conditions. Materials and Methods. When developing the layout and design schemes of low-flow water intakes from shallow watercourses, the technologies of exploratory design of engineering systems and structures were used. Results. With regard to the morphometric, hydrological and other conditions of shallow foothill and mountain streams, a water intake with a bottom water intake was adopted for development. The water intake part of headworks is designed in the form of a toe drain, which has under-flow and overflow intake parts that allow water intake from the channel and off-channel water streams. The toe is made of two or three layers of sand and gravel material. Drainage pipes or pipe filters are used as a drainage element. Depending on the conditions of the watercourse, water intakes with transverse, longitudinal and pocket-coastal placement of water intakes are proposed. Conclusion. The layout and design schemes of filtering water intakes from shallow watercourses based on the use of overflow, underflow and combined structures of multilayer drainage water intakes with stream (transverse and longitudinal) and off-channel (pocket-coastal) placement have been proposed and developed.

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Effects of Controlled Drainage on Water Table Recession Rate

Transactions of the ASABE ◽

10.13031/trans.11922 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 60 (3) ◽

pp. 813-821 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Samaneh Saadat ◽

Laura Bowling ◽

Jane Frankenberger ◽

Kyle Brooks

Keyword(s):

Water Table ◽

Subsurface Drainage ◽

Drainage Water ◽

Optimal Operation ◽

Rainfall Event ◽

Controlled Drainage ◽

Recession Rate ◽

Watershed Approach ◽

Recession Rates ◽

Paired Watershed

Abstract. Controlled drainage is a best management practice that decreases nitrate loads from subsurface drainage, but questions remain about optimal operation strategies. One unanswered question is whether the outlet should be lowered prior to or directly after a rainfall event to reduce the amount of time that the water table is at a level that would be detrimental to either trafficability or crop yield. The objective of this study was to determine how much controlled drainage lengthens the time needed for the water table to fall after a rainfall event, to inform possible improvement in the management of controlled drainage systems. This objective was addressed using water table recession rates from two pairs of controlled and free-draining fields located at the Davis Purdue Agricultural Center in Indiana over a period of nine years (2006-2014). At each pair, comparison of mean recession rates from the two fields indicated that controlled drainage reduced recession rate. The significance of the relationship between paired observations and the effect of controlled drainage was determined by a paired watershed approach using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and covariance (ANCOVA). Raising the outlet of the subsurface drainage system decreased the mean rate of water table recession by 29% to 62%, increasing the time needed for the water table level to fall from the surface to 30 and 60 cm depths by approximately 12 to 26 h and 24 to 53 h, respectively. Based on these results, it can be concluded that lowering the outlet before storm events would reduce the amount of time that the water table is at a detrimental level for either crop growth or trafficability. However, the trade-off between costs and benefits of active management depends on the sensitivity of the crop and probability of a severe storm. Keywords: Drainage water management, Managed drainage, Paired watershed approach, Tile drainage, Water table drawdown.

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Changes in Soil Properties and Productivity under Different Tillage Practices and Wheat Genotypes: A Short-Term Study in Iran

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su10093273 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (9) ◽

pp. 3273 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Shokoofeh Khorami ◽

Seyed Kazemeini ◽

Sadegh Afzalinia ◽

Mahesh Gathala

Keyword(s):

Soil Properties ◽

Block Design ◽

Water Productivity ◽

C:N Ratio ◽

Wheat Yield ◽

Water Infiltration ◽

Reduced Tillage ◽

Short Term ◽

Wheat Genotypes ◽

Tillage Practices

Natural resources are the most limiting factors for sustainable agriculture in Iran. Traditional practices are intensive tillage that leads to a negative impact on crop productivity and soil properties. Conservation agriculture including tillage reductions, better agronomy, and improved varieties, showed encouraging results. The goal of this study was to test combined effect of tillage practices and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes on soil properties as well as crop and water productivity. The experiment was conducted at Zarghan, Fars, Iran during 2014–2016. Experimental treatments were three-tillage practices—conventional tillage (CT), reduced tillage (RT), and no tillage (NT)—and four wheat genotypes were randomized in the main and subplots, respectively using split-plot randomized complete block design with three replications. Results showed NT had higher soil bulk density at surface soil, thereby lower cumulative water infiltration. The lowest soil organic carbon and total nitrogen were obtained under CT that led to the highest C:N ratio. Reduced tillage produced higher wheat yield and maize (Zea mays L.) biomass. Maximum irrigation water was applied under CT, which leads lower water productivity. The findings are based on short-term results, but it is important to evaluate medium- and long-term effects on soil properties, crop yields and water use in future.

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Comparing Surface and Subsurface Drainage in Rice Irrigation Systems of Kazakhstan

The Inter-Relationship Between Irrigation, Drainage and the Environment in the Aral Sea Basin ◽

10.1007/978-94-009-1770-5_11 ◽

1996 ◽

pp. 91-93

Author(s):

A. A. Dzhumabekov

Keyword(s):

Subsurface Drainage ◽

Irrigation Systems ◽

Rice Irrigation

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PREDICTION OF NO 3 -N LOSSES WITH SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE WATER FROM MANURED AND UAN-FERTILIZED PLOTS USING GLEAMS

Transactions of the ASAE ◽

10.13031/2013.2689 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 43 (1) ◽

pp. 69-77 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

A. Bakhsh ◽

R. S. Kanwar ◽

D. B. Jaynes ◽

T. S. Colvin ◽

L. R. Ahuja

Keyword(s):

Subsurface Drainage ◽

Drainage Water ◽

N Losses

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Effect of Depth and Duration of Seed Burial on Ripgut Brome (Bromus rigidus)

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500055879 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 37 (1) ◽

pp. 68-72 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Jean A. Gleichsner ◽

Arnold P. Appleby

Keyword(s):

Effective Control ◽

First Year ◽

Initial Population ◽

Short Term ◽

Seed Burial ◽

Tillage Practices ◽

Viability Loss ◽

Seed Supply ◽

Seed Loss

The influence of depth (0 to 30 cm) and duration (1 to 24 months) of burial on the deterioration, germination, and viability of ripgut brome seed was studied in the field. Both surface-sown and buried ripgut brome seed were depleted within 15 months. Persistence of surface-sown seed declined relatively slowly during the first year, falling from 83 to 62 to 23% after 1, 9, and 12 months, respectively. Seed covered by soil, however, germinated more rapidly, with less than 10% of the initial population ungerminated after 1 month at all depths. The mode of seed disappearance was closely related to whether or not the seed was covered with soil. Seed loss at depths of 1 to 30 cm was primarily due to germination in situ, with little effect from viability loss or enforced or induced dormancy. In contrast, the persistence of surface-sown seed was due primarily to induced dormancy for up to 12 months, with viability loss and enforced dormancy becoming important thereafter. Tillage practices aimed at providing favorable germination conditions may reduce ripgut brome seed survival in the soil. Because seed is relatively short lived, seed supply in soil may be reduced by short-term rotation to a crop that allows for effective control of ripgut brome.

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Policy-Driven Sustainable Saline Drainage Disposal and Forage Production in the Western San Joaquin Valley of California

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su12166362 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (16) ◽

pp. 6362

Author(s):

Amninder Singh ◽

Nigel W. T. Quinn ◽

Sharon E. Benes ◽

Florence Cassel

Keyword(s):

Root Zone ◽

Subsurface Drainage ◽

Drainage Water ◽

Agricultural Drainage ◽

Forage Production ◽

Tall Wheatgrass ◽

San Joaquin River ◽

Agricultural Drainage Water ◽

Irrigation Drainage ◽

Root Zone Salinity

Environmental policies to address water quality impairments in the San Joaquin River of California have focused on the reduction of salinity and selenium-contaminated subsurface agricultural drainage loads from westside sources. On 31 December 2019, all of the agricultural drainage from a 44,000 ha subarea on the western side of the San Joaquin River basin was curtailed. This policy requires the on-site disposal of all of the agricultural drainage water in perpetuity, except during flooding events, when emergency drainage to the River is sanctioned. The reuse of this saline agricultural drainage water to irrigate forage crops, such as ‘Jose’ tall wheatgrass and alfalfa, in a 2428 ha reuse facility provides an economic return on this pollutant disposal option. Irrigation with brackish water requires careful management to prevent salt accumulation in the crop root zone, which can impact forage yields. The objective of this study was to optimize the sustainability of this reuse facility by maximizing the evaporation potential while achieving cost recovery. This was achieved by assessing the spatial and temporal distribution of the root zone salinity in selected fields of ‘Jose’ tall wheatgrass and alfalfa in the drainage reuse facility, some of which have been irrigated with brackish subsurface drainage water for over fifteen years. Electromagnetic soil surveys using an EM-38 instrument were used to measure the spatial variability of the salinity in the soil profile. The tall wheatgrass fields were irrigated with higher salinity water (1.2–9.3 dS m−1) compared to the fields of alfalfa (0.5–6.5 dS m−1). Correspondingly, the soil salinity in the tall wheatgrass fields was higher (12.5 dS m−1–19.3 dS m−1) compared to the alfalfa fields (8.97 dS m−1–14.4 dS m−1) for the years 2016 and 2017. Better leaching of salts was observed in the fields with a subsurface drainage system installed (13–1 and 13–2). The depth-averaged root zone salinity data sets are being used for the calibration of the transient hydro-salinity computer model CSUID-ID (a one-dimensional version of the Colorado State University Irrigation Drainage Model). This user-friendly decision support tool currently provides a useful framework for the data collection needed to make credible, field-scale salinity budgets. In time, it will provide guidance for appropriate leaching requirements and potential blending decisions for sustainable forage production. This paper shows the tie between environmental drainage policy and the role of local governance in the development of sustainable irrigation practices, and how well-directed collaborative field research can guide future resource management.

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