scholarly journals Nowhere to Play: Available Open and Green Space in Greater London Schools

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niloofar Shoari ◽  
Majid Ezzati ◽  
Yvonne G Doyle ◽  
Ingrid Wolfe ◽  
Michael Brauer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Open Space ◽  
Green Space ◽  
School Level ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Public Parks ◽  
Physical And Mental Health ◽  
Level Indicator ◽  
Ordnance Survey ◽  
Outdoor Space

AbstractExperiencing outdoor space, especially natural space, during childhood and adolescence has beneficial physical and mental health effects, including improved cognitive and motor skills and a lower risk of obesity. Since school-age children typically spend 35–40 hours per week at schools, we quantified their access to open (non-built-up) space and green space at schools in Greater London. We linked land use information from the UK Ordnance Survey with school characteristics from the Department for Education (DfE) for schools in Greater London. We estimated open space by isolating land and water features within school boundaries and, as a subset of open space, green space defined as open space covered by vegetation. We examined the relationship of both school open and green space with distance to Central London, whether the school was fee-paying, and the percentage of pupils eligible for free school meals (as a school-level indicator of socioeconomic status). Almost 400,000 pupils (30% of all pupils in London) attended schools with less than ten square metre per pupil of open space—the minimum recommended area by DfE—and 800,000 pupils attended schools with less than ten square metre per pupil of green space. Of the latter, 70% did not have any public parks in the immediate vicinity of their schools. School green space increased with distance from Central London. There was a weak association between the school-level socioeconomic indicator and the amount of open and green space. Fee-paying schools provided less open space compared to non-fee-paying schools in central parts of London, but the provision became comparable in suburban London. Many London schools do not provide enough open and green space. There is a need to ensure regular contact with green space through safeguarding school grounds from sales, financially supporting disadvantaged schools to increase their outdoor space and providing access to off-site facilities such as sharing outdoor space with other schools.

scholarly journals Inequalities in Exposure to Nitrogen Dioxide in Parks and Playgrounds in Greater London

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (17) ◽  
pp. 3194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotte E. Sheridan ◽  
Charlotte J. Roscoe ◽  
John Gulliver ◽  
Laure de Preux ◽  
Daniela Fecht
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Dioxide ◽  
Open Space ◽  
Public Parks ◽  
Open Spaces ◽  
Annual Average ◽  
Emissions Inventory ◽  
Ordnance Survey ◽  
Adverse Health Outcomes ◽  
Eu Directive ◽  
The Eu

Elevated levels of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) have been associated with adverse health outcomes in children, including reduced lung function and increased rates of asthma. Many parts of London continue to exceed the annual average NO2 concentration of 40 µg/m3 set by the EU directive. Using high-resolution maps of annual average NO2 for 2016 from the London Atmospheric Emissions Inventory and detailed maps of open spaces from Britain’s national mapping agency, Ordnance Survey, we estimated average NO2 concentrations for every open space in Greater London and analysed geospatial patterns comparing Inner verses Outer London and the 32 London Boroughs. Across Greater London, 24% of play spaces, 67% of private parks and 27% of public parks had average levels of NO2 that exceeded the EU limit for NO2. Rates of exceedance were higher in Inner London; open spaces in the City of London had the highest average NO2 values among all the London Boroughs. The closest play space for more than 250,000 children (14% of children) under 16 years old in Greater London had NO2 concentrations above the recommended levels. Of these children, 66% (~165,000 children) lived in the most deprived areas of London, as measured by the Index of Multiple Deprivations, where average NO2 concentrations in play spaces were on average 6 µg/m3 higher than for play spaces in the least deprived quintile. More action is needed to reduce NO2 in open spaces to safe levels through pollution reduction and mitigation efforts, as currently, open spaces in Greater London, including play spaces, parks and gardens, still have dangerously high levels of NO2, according to the most recent NO2 map.

scholarly journals Accessibility and allocation of public parks and gardens during COVID-19 social distancing in England and Wales

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niloofar Shoari ◽  
Majid Ezzati ◽  
Jill Baumgartner ◽  
Diego Malacarne ◽  
Daniela Fecht
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Smartphone Apps ◽  
Public Parks ◽  
Physical And Mental Health ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Ordnance Survey ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Minute Walk ◽  
Combined Data

Visiting parks and gardens may attenuate the adverse physical and mental health impacts of social distancing implemented to reduce the spread of COVID-19. We quantified access to public parks and gardens in urban areas of England and Wales, and the potential for park crowdedness during periods of high use. We combined data from the Office for National Statistics and Ordnance Survey to quantified (i) the number of parks within 500 and 1,000 metres of urban postcodes (i.e., availability), (ii) the distance of postcodes to the nearest park (i.e., accessibility), and (iii) per-capita space in each park for people living within 1,000m. We examined variability by city and share of flats. Around 25.4 million people can access public parks or gardens within a ten-minute walk, while 3.8 million residents live farther away; of these 21% are children and 13% are elderly. Areas with a higher share of flats on average are closer to a park but people living in these areas are potentially less able to meet social distancing requirements while in parks during periods of high use. Cities in England and Wales can provide residents with access to green space that enables outdoor exercise and play during social distancing. Keeping public parks and gardens open, might require measures such as dedicated park times for different age groups or entry allocation systems that, combined with smartphone apps or drones, can monitor and manage the total number of people using the park.

scholarly journals Citizen Perceptions of Green Space Park in Pokhara, Nepal

2008 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 34-45
Author(s):  
Biswo Kallyan Parajuli ◽  
Padam Giri ◽  
Krishna Mohan Shrestha ◽  
Murari Suvedi
Keyword(s):  
Open Space ◽  
Green Space ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Ornamental Plants ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Public Parks ◽  
Growth Pressure ◽  
Land Prices ◽  
Citizen Perceptions ◽  
The City

Pokhara valley is located in western Nepal at an elevation of about 3,000 feet above sea level. It was declared a municipality in 1959 with an estimated population of 4,000. Since then, the city of Pokhara has faced tremendous growth pressure. Its population reached 200,000 in 2005 - a 50-fold increase in population in 46 years. Land prices have increased at a much higher rate than the population. Most of the arable land has been replaced by roads and buildings. There is a concern that Pokhara is facing growth pressure similar to that of Kathmandu Valley, as described by Pradhan and Perera (2005). As land prices soar, there is tremendous pressure on public land for development, and the municipality has not been able to maintain open space for public use. Pokhara has established few sites as public parks, and most of these parks are small parcels of land fenced for protection from cattle and water buffalo with few or no plants/ flowers and other resources for leisure time activities. There are no plans for the development of a nature park or a green space area where people could see, feel and touch ornamental plants and flowers. Furthermore, the city lacks an open green space where people could walk, jog or spend leisure or free time.  DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hjsa.v3i0.1494 Himalayan Journal of Sociology and Anthropology Vol.III, Sept. 2008 p. 34-45

Neuroscientific Approaches to the Study of Self and Social Emotion Regulation During Development

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriana Sofia Méndez Leal ◽  
Jennifer A Silvers
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Regulation ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Social Regulation ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Physical And Mental Health ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Developmental Neuroscience ◽  
Social Emotion ◽  
Developmental Theories ◽  
The Neural Networks

Emotion regulation is a critical skill that promotes physical and mental health across the lifespan. This chapter describes the neural networks that underlie emotion regulation, and explores how these networks develop during childhood and adolescence. We consider two forms of emotion regulation: self-regulation and social regulation. While developmental theories suggest that parents socially regulate their children’s emotions so as to scaffold burgeoning self-regulation abilities, little neuroscience work has considered the development of self- and social regulation together. Here, we address this gap in the literature by describing what is known about the neurodevelopment of self- and social regulation of emotions separately, and by discussing how they might inform one another. Given that little developmental neuroimaging research has examined social regulation, we draw inferences from adjacent research areas including social regulation of stress physiology. Finally, we provide suggestions for future developmental neuroscience work on self and social emotion regulation.

scholarly journals Assessing Public Open Spaces: A Case of City Nagpur, India

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 4997
Author(s):  
Pritam Ahirrao ◽  
Smita Khan
Keyword(s):  
Open Space ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Design Guidelines ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Optimum Level ◽  
Public Parks ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Environmentally Sustainable ◽  
Public Open Space

Major Indian cities have a lower public open space (POS)-capita ratio and do not meet national and international standards. Moreover, factors such as lack of design guidelines for POSs, limited funding, and lack of public participation have affected these limitedly available POSs and made them ineffective and incapable of meeting the contemporary needs of a diverse range of users. Therefore, it is essential to make them not only inclusive, user-friendly, attractive, and efficient, but also socially, economically, and environmentally sustainable in order to serve the various facilities and services at their optimum level. This study includes the assessment of two POSs to identify strengths and deficiencies that affect their character and use. These POSs are public parks, provide free access to users and are located in the city of Nagpur. For assessment, the study proposed the Public Open Space Index (POSI) that combines five aspects: Individual well-being, Inclusiveness, Engagement, Sustainable spaces, and Management.A mixed methods approach was considered for data collection, including a self-administered questionnaire survey and observations.According to the results, POSs have strengths in that they facilitate social cohesion, engagement, and basic facilities. POSs do not encourage equitable access and sustainable practices, which are considered deficiencies.The study helps planners, designers, and parenting authority to develop initiatives to make these limited POSs inclusive, functional, and sustainable.

scholarly journals Green spaces and cognitive development in primary schoolchildren

2015 ◽  
Vol 112 (26) ◽  
pp. 7937-7942 ◽  
Author(s):  
Payam Dadvand ◽  
Mark J. Nieuwenhuijsen ◽  
Mikel Esnaola ◽  
Joan Forns ◽  
Xavier Basagaña ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Cognitive Development ◽  
Primary Schools ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Green Space ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Developmental Trajectory ◽  
Green Spaces ◽  
Physical And Mental Health ◽  
Primary Schoolchildren

Exposure to green space has been associated with better physical and mental health. Although this exposure could also influence cognitive development in children, available epidemiological evidence on such an impact is scarce. This study aimed to assess the association between exposure to green space and measures of cognitive development in primary schoolchildren. This study was based on 2,593 schoolchildren in the second to fourth grades (7–10 y) of 36 primary schools in Barcelona, Spain (2012–2013). Cognitive development was assessed as 12-mo change in developmental trajectory of working memory, superior working memory, and inattentiveness by using four repeated (every 3 mo) computerized cognitive tests for each outcome. We assessed exposure to green space by characterizing outdoor surrounding greenness at home and school and during commuting by using high-resolution (5 m × 5 m) satellite data on greenness (normalized difference vegetation index). Multilevel modeling was used to estimate the associations between green spaces and cognitive development. We observed an enhanced 12-mo progress in working memory and superior working memory and a greater 12-mo reduction in inattentiveness associated with greenness within and surrounding school boundaries and with total surrounding greenness index (including greenness surrounding home, commuting route, and school). Adding a traffic-related air pollutant (elemental carbon) to models explained 20–65% of our estimated associations between school greenness and 12-mo cognitive development. Our study showed a beneficial association between exposure to green space and cognitive development among schoolchildren that was partly mediated by reduction in exposure to air pollution.

BANGUNAN CAMPURAN DENGAN RUANG HIJAU SEBAGAI ASPEK DOMINAN PERANCANGAN

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Novalentina Novalentina ◽  
Doddy Yuono
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Public Space ◽  
Land Use Planning ◽  
Green Infrastructure ◽  
Traffic Management ◽  
Open Space ◽  
Green Space ◽  
Search And Seizure ◽  
Real Property ◽  
Public Park

Dwelling (also a residence, a residence) is a self-contained accommodation unit used by one or more households as a home; such as a house, apartment, mobile home, household, vehicle, other "substantial" structure. The concept of residence has significance in relation to search and seizure, transport of real property, theft, offenses, and land use planning. In a city like Jakarta, with dense infrastructure, wide economic disparities and a tense social composition, increasing green space should be a top priority. However, residents of the capital Jakarta can reiterate that this is not the case. That in fact lacks a conspicuous park, playground and public park in the capital. The urban design concept deals with the integration of land use, movement and traffic management and the form of the built environment.Its aim is to provide urban high-quality places that are efficient, functional and attractive, and can respond to changing societal, environmental and economic needs over time. In designing it also contributes to, and bridges between planning and design. It deals with the surrounding environment by paying attention to the context of the building and space rather than the object itself. Then it requires access to green infrastructure, open space areas and green spaces, which will contribute to a greener, healthier, smarter, safer, livelier, richer and fairer. This guide will assist in assessing and demonstrating progress in improving green infrastructure to create a place that is useful, sustainable and well used. It creates a wider community, natural environment and supports a healthy economy. Keywords:  Dwelling; Green space; Private space; Public space ; Sustainable. AbstrakDwelling (juga tempat tinggal) adalah sebuah unit akomodasi mandiri yang digunakan oleh satu atau lebih dari satu rumah tangga sebagai; rumah, apartemen, rumah bergerak, rumah tangga, kendaraan, atau struktur "substansial" lainnya. Konsep tempat tinggal memiliki signifikansi dalam kaitannya dengan pencarian, pengangkutan properti nyata, dan perencanaan penggunaan lahan. Di kota seperti Jakarta, dengan infrastruktur yang sangat padat, kesenjangan ekonomi yang luas dan kehidupan sosial yang tegang, peningkatan ruang hijau seharusnya menjadi prioritas utama. Namun, penduduk ibukota Jakarta dapat menegaskan kembali bahwa hal ini tidak terjadi. Bahwa pada nyatanya kekurangan Taman, tempat Bermain dan taman umum yang mencolok di ibukota. Konsep desain perkotaan berkaitan dengan integrasi penggunaan lahan, pergerakan dan lalu lintas manajemen dan bentuk lingkungan binaan. Tujuannya adalah untuk menyediakan perkotaan berkualitas tinggi tempat-tempat yang efisien, fungsional dan menarik, dan dapat menanggapi kebutuhan perubahan masyarakat, lingkungan dan ekonomi dari waktu ke waktu. Dalam mendisain juga berkontribusi, dan menjembatani antara perencanaan dan perancangan. Ini berhubungan dengan lingkungan sekitar dengan memperhatikan konteks bangunan dan ruang daripada objeknya sendiri. Maka diperlukan akses ke infrastruktur hijau, area ruang terbuka dan ruang hijau, yang akan berkontribusi lebih hijau, lebih sehat, lebih cerdas, lebih aman, lebih hidup, lebih kaya dan lebih adil. Panduan ini akan membantu dalam menilai dan mendemonstrasikan perkembangan dalam meningkatkan infrastruktur hijau untuk menciptakan tempat yang berguna, berkelanjutan dan digunakan dengan baik. Ini membuat masyarakat yang lebih luas, lingkungan alam dan mendukung perekonomian yang sehat.

scholarly journals HUMAN INTERACTION IN URBAN SPACES: A QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS IN URBAN PARK, SHAH ALAM CITY, SELANGOR

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Filzani Illia Ibrahim ◽  
Dasimah Omar ◽  
Nik Hanita Nik Mohamad
Keyword(s):  
Open Space ◽  
Human Interaction ◽  
Urban Spaces ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Valuable Insight ◽  
Mixed Method Research ◽  
Public Parks ◽  
Open Spaces ◽  
Human Needs ◽  
Quantitative And Qualitative Methods

This paper aims to provide valuable insight of the various dimensions of human needs’ towards open spaces. This study employed a mixed method research design involving both quantitative and qualitative methods that were utilised to identify and evaluate the human-human interaction and human-nature interaction in the area of study. Primary data was gathered by using questionnaire survey that was administered to 861 respondents who were visitors to public parks. The finding of this study is intended to show the main domains that reflect human needs’ toward open spaces together with perceived benefits to the open space users.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document