Cultural multi-level selection and biological market theory explain the coupled dynamics of labor exchange cooperation and social support

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shane J. Macfarlan ◽  
Mark Remiker
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Market Theory ◽  
Coupled Dynamics ◽  
Labor Exchange ◽  
Biological Market Theory ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Biological Market

scholarly journals Misconceptions on the application of biological market theory to the mycorrhizal symbiosis

Nature Plants ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Toby Kiers ◽  
Stuart A. West ◽  
Gregory A. K. Wyatt ◽  
Andy Gardner ◽  
Heike Bücking ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Symbiosis ◽  
Market Theory ◽  
Biological Market Theory ◽  
Biological Market

scholarly journals Evidence for varying social strategies across the day in chacma baboons

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 20140249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Sick ◽  
Alecia J. Carter ◽  
Harry H. Marshall ◽  
Leslie A. Knapp ◽  
Torben Dabelsteen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Relationships ◽  
Group Living ◽  
Social Strategies ◽  
Market Theory ◽  
Papio Ursinus ◽  
Individual Fitness ◽  
Biological Market Theory ◽  
Chacma Baboons ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Biological Market

Strong social bonds can make an important contribution to individual fitness, but we still have only a limited understanding of the temporal period relevant to the adjustment of social relationships. While there is growing recognition of the importance of strong bonds that persist for years, social relationships can also vary over weeks and months, suggesting that social strategies may be optimized over shorter timescales. Using biological market theory as a framework, we explore whether temporal variation in the benefits of social relationships might be sufficient to generate daily adjustments of social strategies in wild baboons. Data on grooming, one measure of social relationships, were collected from 60 chacma baboons ( Papio ursinus ) across two troops over a six month period. Our analyses suggest that social strategies can show diurnal variation, with subordinates preferentially grooming more dominant individuals earlier in the day compared with later in the day. These findings indicate that group-living animals may optimize certain elements of their social strategies over relatively short time periods.

scholarly journals Sex and grooming as exchange commodities in female bonobos’ daily biological market

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Simone Anzà ◽  
Elisa Demuru ◽  
Elisabetta Palagi
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Market Theory ◽  
Maximum Phase ◽  
Biological Markets ◽  
Economic Markets ◽  
Biological Market Theory ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Biological Market ◽  
Day By Day ◽  
Level Of Analysis

AbstractThe Biological Market Theory (BMT) posits that cooperation between non-human animals can be seen as a mutually beneficial exchange of commodities similarly to what observed in human economic markets. Positive social interactions are commodities in non-human animals, and mutual exchanges fulfilling the criteria of the BMT have been shown in several species. However, the study of biological markets suffers from methodological limitations that are mainly linked to the difficulty of clearly identifying the currencies and their exchanges in the short-term. Here, we test whether bonobo females are more attractive during their maximum swelling phase, whether they exchange grooming and Genito-Genital Rubbing (GGR) on a daily level of analysis, and whether these daily exchanges fulfil the BMT criteria. Females engaged more in GGR when their sexual swelling was in the maximum phase. Moreover, they exchanged grooming and sex according to the daily “market fluctuations” associated with swelling status. Females in the minimum phase (low-value) increased their probability to engage in GGR with females in the maximum phase (high-value) by grooming them preferentially. In line with the supply/demand law, the female grooming strategy varied depending on the daily number of swollen females present: the higher the number of swollen females, the lower the individual grooming preference. As a whole, our study confirms BMT as a valid model to explain daily commodity exchanges as a function of the temporary value of traders, and underlines the importance of a day-by-day approach to unveil the presence of a biological market when the value of traders frequently changes.

The Secularization Theory—Not Disconfirmed, Yet Rarely Tested

2017 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Heiner Meulemann
Keyword(s):  
Survey Research ◽  
Social Differentiation ◽  
Market Theory ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Secularization Theory ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Comparative Survey ◽  
Multi Level

AbstractTendencies of secularization-religiosity decreases in Western societies since 1950-have been found abundantly in comparative survey research. They are taken as starting point to examine what the theory of secularization predicts and which predictions have been confirmed. It is shown that the three canonical theories of the change of religiosity-secularization, individualization, and market theory-are identical in their structure und can be integrated as the secularization theory. The secularization theory has been tested in cross-sectional and longitudinal designs, and by macro and multi-level analyses-that is, cross-classfied in four forms. Neglecting cross-sectional macro analyses, there are only 11 publications within the three remaining forms. They confirm a negative effect of social differentiation throughout und a negative effect of cultural pluralization often. Yet they often fail to control for important micro impacts upon religiosity, such as denomination or parenthood. In sum, they show that the secularization theory is by no means disconfirmed, yet rarely tested.

scholarly journals Effects of Hierarchical Steepness on Grooming Patterns in Female Tibetan Macaques (Macaca thibetana)

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dong-Po Xia ◽  
Xi Wang ◽  
Paul A. Garber ◽  
Bing-Hua Sun ◽  
Lori K. Sheeran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Relationships ◽  
Dominance Hierarchy ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Female Dominance ◽  
Primate Species ◽  
Social Strategies ◽  
Macaca Thibetana ◽  
Market Theory ◽  
Biological Market Theory ◽  
Dominance Indices

Hierarchical steepness, defined as status asymmetries among conspecifics living in the same group, is not only used as a main characteristic of animal social relationships, but also represents the degree of discrepancy between supply and demand within the framework of biological market theory. During September and December 2011, we studied hierarchical steepness by comparing variation in grooming patterns in two groups of Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana), a primate species characterized by a linear dominance hierarchy. Using a focal sampling method, we collected behavioral data from two provisioned, free-ranging groups (YA1 and YA2) at Mt. Huangshan, China. We found that female dominance hierarchies were steeper in the YA1 group (0.81 based on the proportion of wins-losses and 0.66 based on dyadic dominance indices) than among members of the YA2 group (0.76 based on the proportion of wins-losses and 0.56 based on dyadic dominance indices). Females in the YA1 group groomed more frequently and for longer duration than females in YA2. Further analysis showed that grooming patterns of high- and low-ranking females did not differ between the two groups. However, middle-ranking females in YA1 groomed conspecifics more frequently and for longer duration than middle-ranking females in YA2. Our results suggest that the steepness of a dominance hierarchy plays an important role in the set of social strategies used by middle-ranking females to avoid a reduction in rank, as well as to increase their rank (the dilemma of middle class hypothesis). We suggest that future studies focus on individuals of middle-rank in order to better understand how the dynamics of rank stability and rank changes influence social relationships, and affiliative and competitive interactions in non-human primates.

scholarly journals Psychosocial stressors among Ghanaians in rural and urban Ghana and Ghanaian migrants in Europe

2020 ◽  
pp. 135910532096354
Author(s):  
Raphael Baffour Awuah ◽  
Ama de-Graft Aikins ◽  
F Nii-Amoo Dodoo ◽  
Karlijn AC Meeks ◽  
Eric JAJ Beune ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Life Events ◽  
Psychosocial Stressors ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Lower Odds ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
High Sense ◽  
Significant Health

Psychosocial stressors have significant health and socio-economic impacts on individuals. We examined the prevalence and correlates of psychosocial stressors among non-migrant and migrant Ghanaians as there is limited research in these populations. The study was cross-sectional and quantitative in design. A majority of the study participants had experienced stress, discrimination and negative life events. Increased age, female sex, strong social support and high sense of mastery were associated with lower odds of experiencing psychosocial stressors in both populations. Interventions should be multi-level in design, focusing on the correlates which significantly influence the experience of psychosocial stressors

scholarly journals What about the employees in entrepreneurial firms? A multi-level analysis of the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation, role ambiguity, and social support

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (8) ◽  
pp. 969-990 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jim Andersén
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Entrepreneurial Orientation ◽  
Role Ambiguity ◽  
Entrepreneurial Firms ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Level Analysis

Research on entrepreneurial orientation (EO) has mainly addressed outcomes of EO at the level of the firm. However, few studies have examined how EO affects employees. Using a multi-level analysis of 343 employees nested in 25 small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) the analysis presented shows that EO will increase the degree of role ambiguity among employees. Social support from management was not found to have any effect on the relationship between EO and role ambiguity. However, social support from co-workers weakens the EO-ambiguity relationship and can counteract the negative effects of EO to some degree. The study contributes to the EO literature by being one of a few studies that have considered the possible negative consequences of EO. The article also highlights how to reduce role ambiguity in entrepreneurial SMEs.

Depressive symptoms associations with online and in person networks in an online gaming community: a pilot study

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tyler Prochnow ◽  
Megan S. Patterson ◽  
Logan Hartnell ◽  
M. Renée Umstattd Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Pilot Study ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Online Gaming ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Online Social Support ◽  
Multi Level

Purpose Increases in video game use have led to mental health concerns, citing greater risk for depressive symptoms (DS) and reduced “in-real-life” (IRL) social involvement. However, recent studies have uncovered potential social benefits for online gaming. Many games provide avenues to extend real life relationships and make new online friendships. The purpose of this pilot study is to use social network analysis to determine associations between connections and DS in a gaming community. Design/methodology/approach As a pilot study, members of an online gaming site were asked to report demographic characteristics, DS, IRL social support, online social support and IRL people and members of the online community with whom they spoke to about important life matters. Multi-level modeling was used to parse variance described by demographic characteristics, IRL measures and online measures. Linear network autocorrelation modeling (LNAM) was used to determine relationships between network connections and DS. Findings Members (n = 37; µ = 24.76 years old, SD = 6.55; 100% male; 89.2% white) on average felt DS’ “not at all” to “several days” over the past two weeks. Multi-level modeling including online network measures explained 50% of variance (R2 = 0.50, F (9,27) = 2.98, p = 0.01); online connections were associated with DS (ß = 0.46). LNAM indicated DS were associated with IRL support (ß = −2.66), IRL connections (ß = 1.81), online support (ß = 2.40) and network effects (ß = 0.06), which indicates that a gamer’s DS were similar to those of their online connections. Originality/value Members with more DS may be seeking help via online channels. This may be important for future research to consider alternative forms of help-seeking behavior.

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