scholarly journals Thermodynamic Refractory Corrosion Model for Ferronickel Manufacturing

2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 1052-1060
Author(s):  
Christoph Sagadin ◽  
Stefan Luidold ◽  
Christoph Wagner ◽  
Christoph Pichler ◽  
Daniel Kreuzer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Refractory Material ◽  
Current Model ◽  
Computational Process ◽  
Cold Side ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Liquid Phases ◽  
Corrosion Model ◽  
Refractory Corrosion ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Refractory Surface

AbstractA thermodynamic model, based on SimuSage, was developed to simulate refractory corrosion between a magnesia-based refractory material and ferronickel (FeNi) slags. The model considers a theoretical cross-section of a refractory material to simulate a ferronickel smelter application. The current model is structured into 10 zones, which characterize different sectors in the brick (hot to cold side) perpendicular to the refractory surface with an underlying temperature gradient. In each zone, the model calculates the equilibrium between the slag and a specified amount of refractory material. The emerging liquid phases are transferred to subsequent zones. Meanwhile, all solids remain in the calculated zone. This computational process repeats until a steady state is reached in each zone. The simulation results show that when FeNi slag infiltrates into the refractory material, the melt dissolves the magnesia-based refractory and forms silicates (Mg,Fe,Ca)2SiO4 and Al spinel ((Mg,Fe)Al2O4). Furthermore, it was observed that iron oxide from the slag reacts with the refractory and generates magnesiowustite (Mg,Fe)O. Practical lab-scale tests and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)/Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) characterization confirmed the formation of these minerals. Finally, the refractory corrosion model (RCM) ultimately provides a pathway for improving refractory lifetimes and performance.

In-flight verification of the calibration and performance of the ASTRO-H (Hitomi) Soft X-Ray Spectrometer

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maurice A. Leutenegger ◽  
Marc Audard ◽  
Kevin R. Boyce ◽  
Gregory V. Brown ◽  
Meng P. Chiao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
X Ray ◽  
And Performance

Abstract 371: Down Regulation of ECM Genes Laminin and Collagen IV Lead to Preserved Cardiac Function With Age and Increased Lifespan in Drosophila

2015 ◽  
Vol 117 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayla O Sessions
Keyword(s):  
Diastolic Dysfunction ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Current Model ◽  
Collagen Iv ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Heart Tube ◽  
Ecm Remodeling ◽  
Intercalated Discs ◽  
And Performance

Increased deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) is observed in all advanced age heart failure patients, but current model systems are complex and slow to age. To investigate the effect of extracellular remodeling on mechanical function in genetically tractable, rapidly aging, and simple model organisms, we employed Drosophila melanogaster, which has a simple trilayered heart tube. We found that two common wildtype strains of Drosophila, i.e. yellow-white (yw) and white-1118 (w1118), exhibit different cytoskeletal and ECM remodeling with age. Using a recently developed nanoindentation method to measure cardiomyocyte stiffness and high speed optical imaging to assess contractility of intact Drosophila hearts, we found that yw flies had stiffer intercalated discs (ICD) and exhibited diastolic dysfunction with age. On the other hand, w1118 flies had a shorter lifespan compared to yw, did not exhibit ICD stiffening, had a less severe diastolic dysfunction, and showed an increase in ECM layer thickness between ventral muscle (VM) and cardiomyocyte (CM) layers of the heart tube. To modulate ECM and assess its effect in the aged w1118 flies, we knocked-down ECM genes LamininA and Viking (homologous to Collagen IV). Both ECM KD genotypes exhibited diastolic dilation with increased fractional shortening at adult (1wk) and aged (5wk) time points. The LamininA KD resulted in decreased cardiomyocyte stiffness correlating with increased relaxation velocities in adult flies and preservation of shortening and relaxation velocities in aged flies over controls. However, both the LamininA and Collagen IV KD flies experienced a basal increase in the decoupling of their cardiomyocytes as determined by heart period variance and % fibrillar heart-beats. These conductance issues were not enough to counteract the increased cardiac output and performance with age, and the Collagen IV KD outlived controls by 1.5 weeks median survival and the LamininA KD by 3 weeks. This suggests that the cell-ECM contacts in the basement membrane are intimately tied not only to the coupling of the cardiomyocytes of the Drosophila heart tube but also to cytoskeletal remodeling, but perhaps different ECM proteins have different mechanisms for interacting with the cardiomyocyte cytoskeleton.

Manufacture and performance of blazed soft x-ray transmission gratings for Arcus and Lynx

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralf K. Heilmann ◽  
Alexander R. Bruccoleri ◽  
Jungki Song ◽  
Mark L. Schattenburg ◽  
Randall K. Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
X Ray ◽  
And Performance

scholarly journals In situ observation of phase changes of a silica-supported cobalt catalyst for the Fischer–Tropsch process by the development of a synchrotron-compatible in situ/operando powder X-ray diffraction cell

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 1673-1682 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam S. Hoffman ◽  
Joseph A. Singh ◽  
Stacey F. Bent ◽  
Simon R. Bare
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Elevated Pressure ◽  
Phase Changes ◽  
In Situ Observation ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Fischer Tropsch ◽  
X Ray ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Co Nanoparticles

In situ characterization of catalysts gives direct insight into the working state of the material. Here, the design and performance characteristics of a universal in situ synchrotron-compatible X-ray diffraction cell capable of operation at high temperature and high pressure, 1373 K, and 35 bar, respectively, are reported. Its performance is demonstrated by characterizing a cobalt-based catalyst used in a prototypical high-pressure catalytic reaction, the Fischer–Tropsch synthesis, using X-ray diffraction. Cobalt nanoparticles supported on silica were studied in situ during Fischer–Tropsch catalysis using syngas, H2 and CO, at 723 K and 20 bar. Post reaction, the Co nanoparticles were carburized at elevated pressure, demonstrating an increased rate of carburization compared with atmospheric studies.

A multi-length-scale USAXS/SAXS facility: 10–50 keV small-angle X-ray scattering instrument

2013 ◽  
Vol 46 (5) ◽  
pp. 1508-1512 ◽  
Author(s):  
Byron Freelon ◽  
Kamlesh Suthar ◽  
Jan Ilavsky
Keyword(s):  
Small Angle ◽  
Soft Matter ◽  
High Energy ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray ◽  
X Ray Scattering ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
And Performance ◽  
New Facility ◽  
Ray Scattering

Coupling small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and ultra-small-angle X-ray scattering (USAXS) provides a powerful system of techniques for determining the structural organization of nanostructured materials that exhibit a wide range of characteristic length scales. A new facility that combines high-energy (HE) SAXS and USAXS has been developed at the Advanced Photon Source (APS). The application of X-rays across a range of energies, from 10 to 50 keV, offers opportunities to probe structural behavior at the nano- and microscale. An X-ray setup that can characterize both soft matter or hard matter and high-Zsamples in the solid or solution forms is described. Recent upgrades to the Sector 15ID beamline allow an extension of the X-ray energy range and improved beam intensity. The function and performance of the dedicated USAXS/HE-SAXS ChemMatCARS-APS facility is described.

scholarly journals Design and performance of an X-ray scanning microscope at the Hard X-ray Nanoprobe beamline of NSLS-II

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 1113-1119 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Nazaretski ◽  
H. Yan ◽  
K. Lauer ◽  
N. Bouet ◽  
X. Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Material Science ◽  
Phase Contrast ◽  
Heat Dissipation ◽  
Regulation System ◽  
Scanning Microscope ◽  
National Synchrotron Light Source ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Synchrotron Light ◽  
Differential Phase Contrast ◽  
And Performance

A hard X-ray scanning microscope installed at the Hard X-ray Nanoprobe beamline of the National Synchrotron Light Source II has been designed, constructed and commissioned. The microscope relies on a compact, high stiffness, low heat dissipation approach and utilizes two types of nanofocusing optics. It is capable of imaging with ∼15 nm × 15 nm spatial resolution using multilayer Laue lenses and 25 nm × 26 nm resolution using zone plates. Fluorescence, diffraction, absorption, differential phase contrast, ptychography and tomography are available as experimental techniques. The microscope is also equipped with a temperature regulation system which allows the temperature of a sample to be varied in the range between 90 K and 1000 K. The constructed instrument is open for general users and offers its capabilities to the material science, battery research and bioscience communities.

The Distribution of Phosphorus in Romano-British Ironwork

1990 ◽  
Vol 185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alain E. Kaloyeros ◽  
Robert M. Ehrenreich
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Electron Spectroscopy ◽  
Auger Electron ◽  
Materials Analysis ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Depth Study ◽  
Iron Artifacts ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Secondary Ion

AbstractPhosphorus is found to be a common impurity in many of the iron tools and weapons produced during the pre-Roman and Roman Iron Ages of Britain (600 BC - 300 AD). The effects of this impurity on the properties and performance of antiquarian materials is not well understood, however. This paper presents the initial findings of an in-depth study of the distribution, chemistry, and effects of phosphorus in Romano-British ironwork. For this purpose, two Romano-British iron artifacts from the site of Ircheoter, Northamptonshire, were examined using powerful techniques for archeological materials analysis that include electron microprobe, secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) with energydispersive x-ray spectroscopy capabilities (EDXS), and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). It was found that phosphorous was indeed present in the artifacts. The phosphorus atoms were predominantly segregated at grain boundaries and thus should have led to a lowering of grain boundary cohesion and a degradation in the performance of the tools.

scholarly journals Fabrication of PMMA X-ray Compound Refractive Lenses for the Pohang Light Source and Performance Tests

2007 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 1256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guk Bae Kim ◽  
Sang Joon Lee ◽  
Jin Pyung Lee ◽  
Jong Hyun Kim ◽  
Suk Sang Chang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Light Source ◽  
Performance Tests ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Pohang Light Source ◽  
And Performance

scholarly journals From atoms to electrodes: Mesoscale effects in electrochemical conversion

2014 ◽  
Vol 70 (a1) ◽  
pp. C1173-C1173
Author(s):  
Kamila Wiaderek ◽  
Olaf Borkiewicz ◽  
Nathalie Pereira ◽  
Jan Ilavsky ◽  
Glenn Amatucci ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metallic Iron ◽  
Composite Electrodes ◽  
Iron Compounds ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Electrochemical Conversion ◽  
X Ray Scattering ◽  
Multiple Length Scales ◽  
Nanoscale Structure ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Identical Product

Batteries are complex multicomponent devices wherein mesoscale phenomena–the nanoscale structure and chemistry of different components, and interactions thereof–drive functionality and performance. For example, electron/ion transport within the composite electrodes relies on bi-continuous nanostructuring to form electrically and ionicly conductive paths. Electrochemical conversion of different salts of a given metal yields a common and ostensibly identical product: the zero valent metal. For example, maximal lithiation of iron-based electrodes produces metallic iron nanoparticles for oxide, fluoride, and oxyfluoride electrodes alike. Accordingly, these provide an opportunity to explore the coupling of nanostructure development and anion chemistry, and correlate these with electrochemical performance. We combine synchrotron-based small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and pair distribution function (PDF) measurements to probe metallic iron formed by electrochemical conversion of different iron compounds across multiple length-scales and decouple the influence of anion chemistry and reaction temperature on the atomic structure and nanoscale morphology.

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