Alterations of xylem transport of key metabolic products of assimilatory activity in soybean: do similar alterations occur in roots and nodules?

: Drugs have to overcome numerous barriers to reach their desired therapeutic targets. In several cases drugs, especially the highly lipophilic molecules, suffer from low solubility and bioavailability and therefore their desired targeting is hampered. In addition, undesired metabolic products might be produced or off-targets could be recognized. Along these lines, nanopharmacology has provided new technological platforms, to overcome these boundaries. Specifically, numerous vehicle platforms such as cyclodextrins and calixarenes have been widely utilized to host lipophilic drugs such as antagonists of the angiotensin II AT1 receptor (AT1R), as well as quercetin and silibinin. The encapsulation of these drugs in supramolecules or other systems refines their solubility and metabolic stability, increases their selectivity and therefore decreases their effective dose and improves the therapeutic index. In this minireview we report on the formulations of Silibinin and AT1R antagonist candesartan in a 2-HP-β-cyclodextrin host molecule, which displayed enhanced cytotoxicity and increased silibinin’s and candesartan’s stability, respectively. Moreover we describe the encapsulation of quercetin in gold nanoparticles bearing a calixarene supramolecular host. Also the encapsulation of temozolomide in a calixarene nanocapsule has been described. Finally, we report on the activity enhancement that has been achieved upon using these formulations as well as the analytical and computational methods we used to characterize these formulations and explore the molecular interactions between the host and quest molecules.

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Metabolic Products of Fungi. VI. The Structure of Skyrin. (2). Synthesis of Skyrin ^|^beta;, ^|^beta;'-Dimethyl Ether

Pharmaceutical Bulletin ◽

10.1248/cpb1953.3.284 ◽

1955 ◽

Vol 3 (4) ◽

pp. 284-286 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Osamu Tanaka ◽

Chikara Kaneko

Keyword(s):

Dimethyl Ether ◽

Metabolic Products

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Enhancing photo-fermentation biohydrogen production by strengthening the beneficial metabolic products with catalysts

Journal of Cleaner Production ◽

10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.128437 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 128437

Author(s):

Chaoyang Lu ◽

Wenzhe Li ◽

Quanguo Zhang ◽

Linghui Liu ◽

Ningyuan Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Biohydrogen Production ◽

Metabolic Products

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Insights into the molecular mechanisms of Huangqi decoction on liver fibrosis via computational systems pharmacology approaches

Chinese Medicine ◽

10.1186/s13020-021-00473-8 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Biting Wang ◽

Zengrui Wu ◽

Weihua Li ◽

Guixia Liu ◽

Yun Tang

Keyword(s):

Molecular Docking ◽

Liver Fibrosis ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Docking Simulation ◽

Chinese Herbs ◽

Network Pharmacology ◽

Bipartite Network ◽

Metabolomics Data ◽

Metabolic Products ◽

Compound Target

Abstract Background The traditional Chinese medicine Huangqi decoction (HQD) consists of Radix Astragali and Radix Glycyrrhizae in a ratio of 6: 1, which has been used for the treatment of liver fibrosis. In this study, we tried to elucidate its action of mechanism (MoA) via a combination of metabolomics data, network pharmacology and molecular docking methods. Methods Firstly, we collected prototype components and metabolic products after administration of HQD from a publication. With known and predicted targets, compound-target interactions were obtained. Then, the global compound-liver fibrosis target bipartite network and the HQD-liver fibrosis protein–protein interaction network were constructed, separately. KEGG pathway analysis was applied to further understand the mechanisms related to the target proteins of HQD. Additionally, molecular docking simulation was performed to determine the binding efficiency of compounds with targets. Finally, considering the concentrations of prototype compounds and metabolites of HQD, the critical compound-liver fibrosis target bipartite network was constructed. Results 68 compounds including 17 prototype components and 51 metabolic products were collected. 540 compound-target interactions were obtained between the 68 compounds and 95 targets. Combining network analysis, molecular docking and concentration of compounds, our final results demonstrated that eight compounds (three prototype compounds and five metabolites) and eight targets (CDK1, MMP9, PPARD, PPARG, PTGS2, SERPINE1, TP53, and HIF1A) might contribute to the effects of HQD on liver fibrosis. These interactions would maintain the balance of ECM, reduce liver damage, inhibit hepatocyte apoptosis, and alleviate liver inflammation through five signaling pathways including p53, PPAR, HIF-1, IL-17, and TNF signaling pathway. Conclusions This study provides a new way to understand the MoA of HQD on liver fibrosis by considering the concentrations of components and metabolites, which might be a model for investigation of MoA of other Chinese herbs.

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CONTINUOUS CULTURE OF BRUCELLA ABORTUS S.19

Canadian Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1139/m61-059 ◽

1961 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. 491-505 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Andreas H. W. Hauschild ◽

Hilliard Pivnick

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Continuous Culture ◽

Dilution Rate ◽

Brucella Abortus ◽

Specific Growth ◽

Limiting Factor ◽

Continuous Growth ◽

Viable Cells ◽

Metabolic Products ◽

Growth Of Bacteria

An apparatus is described for the continuous growth of bacteria. Brucella abortus S.19 has been grown in continuous culture for periods up to 3 weeks with populations up to 2 × 1011viable cells per ml and without the establishment of nonsmooth variants.Concentrations between 3 × 109and 2 × 1011cells per ml could be maintained as a function of the dilution rate without the requirement of a known limiting factor in the medium. In a series of steady-state conditions, the specific growth rate increased steadily up to 0.28 hour−1with decreasing population levels.Incidence of mutants was governed by the dilution rate and could also be reduced by various chelating substances.In continuous growth combined with continuous dialysis, population levels were approximately twice those obtained in continuous growth without dialysis. The effect of dialysis appears to be the continuous removal of growth-limiting metabolic products.

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Towards Prediction of Metabolic Products of Polyketide Synthases: An In Silico Analysis

PLoS Computational Biology ◽

10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000351 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 5 (4) ◽

pp. e1000351 ◽

Cited By ~ 64

Author(s):

Gitanjali Yadav ◽

Rajesh S. Gokhale ◽

Debasisa Mohanty

Keyword(s):

In Silico ◽

In Silico Analysis ◽

Polyketide Synthases ◽

Metabolic Products ◽

Silico Analysis

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Metabolism in the Zebrafish Retina

Journal of Developmental Biology ◽

10.3390/jdb9010010 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 10

Author(s):

Natalia Jaroszynska ◽

Philippa Harding ◽

Mariya Moosajee

Keyword(s):

Pigment Epithelium ◽

Retinal Pigment ◽

The Body ◽

Therapeutic Approaches ◽

Retinal Photoreceptors ◽

Sufficient Energy ◽

Metabolic Products ◽

Sight Loss ◽

Choroidal Vasculature ◽

The Brain

Retinal photoreceptors are amongst the most metabolically active cells in the body, consuming more glucose as a metabolic substrate than even the brain. This ensures that there is sufficient energy to establish and maintain photoreceptor functions during and after their differentiation. Such high dependence on glucose metabolism is conserved across vertebrates, including zebrafish from early larval through to adult retinal stages. As the zebrafish retina develops rapidly, reaching an adult-like structure by 72 hours post fertilisation, zebrafish larvae can be used to study metabolism not only during retinogenesis, but also in functionally mature retinae. The interplay between rod and cone photoreceptors and the neighbouring retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells establishes a metabolic ecosystem that provides essential control of their individual functions, overall maintaining healthy vision. The RPE facilitates efficient supply of glucose from the choroidal vasculature to the photoreceptors, which produce metabolic products that in turn fuel RPE metabolism. Many inherited retinal diseases (IRDs) result in photoreceptor degeneration, either directly arising from photoreceptor-specific mutations or secondary to RPE loss, leading to sight loss. Evidence from a number of vertebrate studies suggests that the imbalance of the metabolic ecosystem in the outer retina contributes to metabolic failure and disease pathogenesis. The use of larval zebrafish mutants with disease-specific mutations that mirror those seen in human patients allows us to uncover mechanisms of such dysregulation and disease pathology with progression from embryonic to adult stages, as well as providing a means of testing novel therapeutic approaches.

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Pulmonary Endothelial Cells / Metabolism of Vasoactive Substances

10.1055/s-0039-1689120 ◽

1975 ◽

Author(s):

J. W. Ryan ◽

Una S. Ryan

Keyword(s):

Endothelial Cells ◽

Angiotensin Ii ◽

Angiotensin I ◽

Clotting System ◽

Arterial Circulation ◽

Pulmonary Endothelial Cells ◽

Vasoactive Substances ◽

Metabolic Products ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship

The lungs metabolize a variety of vasoactive substances, including bradykinin (BK), angiotensin I (AT I), PGE2 and F2α, norepinephrine, 5-HT, 5’-ATP and 5’-AMP. In contrast, the lungs od not metabolize angiotensin II (AT II), PGA2, histamine and epinephrine. Of the substances metabolized, all (with the possible exceptions of the prostaglandins) are processed primarily by the pulmonary endothelial cells. Furthermore, the means by which the substances are processed suggest that endothelial cells determine the vasoactive substances allowed to enter the systemic arterial circulation. BK is inactivated while AT I is converted to its potent homolog, AT II. AT II enters the arterial circulation. The metabolism of BK and AT I may be effected by the same enzyme. Pulmonary endothelial cells are a rich source of thromboplastin, an enzyme capable of degrading BK and AT I. However, the relationship of thromboplastin to the fates of these hormones is not clear : The metabolic products produced are not those produced by intact lungs nor by endothelial cells in culture. In addition, thromboplastin degrades substances (e.g. AT II), which are not degraded by intact lungs. Possibly the extrinsic clotting system plays a role when activated but not under physiologic conditions.

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