Carbon Nanostructures in Bone Tissue Engineering

Background:Recent advances in developing biocompatible materials for treating bone loss or defects have dramatically changed clinicians’ reconstructive armory. Current clinically available reconstructive options have certain advantages, but also several drawbacks that prevent them from gaining universal acceptance. A wide range of synthetic and natural biomaterials is being used to develop tissue-engineered bone. Many of these materials are currently in the clinical trial stage.Methods:A selective literature review was performed for carbon nanostructure composites in bone tissue engineering.Results:Incorporation of carbon nanostructures significantly improves the mechanical properties of various biomaterials to mimic that of natural bone. Recently, carbon-modified biomaterials for bone tissue engineering have been extensively investigated to potentially revolutionize biomaterials for bone regeneration.Conclusion:This review summarizes the chemical and biophysical properties of carbon nanostructures and discusses their functionality in bone tissue regeneration.

Download Full-text

PCL and PCL/PLA Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Regeneration

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.683.168 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 683 ◽

pp. 168-171 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Tatiana Patrício ◽

Antonio Gloria ◽

Paulo J. Bártolo

Keyword(s):

Tissue Engineering ◽

Bone Tissue Engineering ◽

Bone Tissue ◽

Tissue Regeneration ◽

Cell Attachment ◽

Bone Tissue Regeneration ◽

Engineering Applications ◽

Printing System

This paper investigates the use of PCL and PCL/PLA scaffolds, produced using a novel additive biomanufacturing system called BioCell Printing, for bone tissue engineering applications. Results show that the BioCell Printing system produces scaffolds with regular and reproducible architecture, presenting no toxicity and enhancing cell attachment and proliferation. It was also possible to observe that the addition of PLA to PCL scaffolds strongly improves the biomechanical performance of the constructs.

Download Full-text

Bone Tissue Regeneration in the Oral and Maxillofacial Region: A Review on the Application of Stem Cells and New Strategies to Improve Vascularization

Stem Cells International ◽

10.1155/2019/6279721 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 ◽

pp. 1-15 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Vivian Wu ◽

Marco N. Helder ◽

Nathalie Bravenboer ◽

Christiaan M. ten Bruggenkate ◽

Jianfeng Jin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tissue Engineering ◽

Stem Cells ◽

Bone Tissue Engineering ◽

Bone Tissue ◽

Tissue Regeneration ◽

Host Tissue ◽

Bone Tissue Regeneration ◽

Maxillofacial Region ◽

Oral And Maxillofacial Region ◽

New Strategies

Bone tissue engineering techniques are a promising alternative for the use of autologous bone grafts to reconstruct bone defects in the oral and maxillofacial region. However, for successful bone regeneration, adequate vascularization is a prerequisite. This review presents and discusses the application of stem cells and new strategies to improve vascularization, which may lead to feasible clinical applications. Multiple sources of stem cells have been investigated for bone tissue engineering. The stromal vascular fraction (SVF) of human adipose tissue is considered a promising single source for a heterogeneous population of essential cells with, amongst others, osteogenic and angiogenic potential. Enhanced vascularization of tissue-engineered grafts can be achieved by different mechanisms: vascular ingrowth directed from the surrounding host tissue to the implanted graft, vice versa, or concomitantly. Vascular ingrowth into the implanted graft can be enhanced by (i) optimizing the material properties of scaffolds and (ii) their bioactivation by incorporation of growth factors or cell seeding. Vascular ingrowth directed from the implanted graft towards the host tissue can be achieved by incorporating the graft with either (i) preformed microvascular networks or (ii) microvascular fragments (MF). The latter may have stimulating actions on both vascular ingrowth and outgrowth, since they contain angiogenic stem cells like SVF, as well as vascularized matrix fragments. Both adipose tissue-derived SVF and MF are cell sources with clinical feasibility due to their large quantities that can be harvested and applied in a one-step surgical procedure. During the past years, important advancements of stem cell application and vascularization in bone tissue regeneration have been made. The development of engineered in vitro 3D models mimicking the bone defect environment would facilitate new strategies in bone tissue engineering. Successful clinical application requires innovative future investigations enhancing vascularization.

Download Full-text

Mesoporous Silica Based Nanostructures for Bone Tissue Regeneration

Frontiers in Materials ◽

10.3389/fmats.2021.692309 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

Author(s):

Sougata Ghosh ◽

Thomas J. Webster

Keyword(s):

Tissue Engineering ◽

Mesoporous Silica ◽

Bone Tissue Engineering ◽

Bone Tissue ◽

Tissue Regeneration ◽

Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles ◽

Fluorescein Isothiocyanate ◽

Bone Tissue Regeneration ◽

Surface Modified ◽

Remarkable Progress

Porous nano-scaffolds provide for better opportunities to restore, maintain, and improve functions of damaged tissues and organs by facilitating tissue regeneration. Various nanohybrids composed of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) are being widely explored for tissue engineering. Since biological activity is enhanced by several orders of magnitude in multicomponent scaffolds, remarkable progress has been observed in this field, which has aimed to develop the controlled synthesis of multifunctional MSNs with tuneable pore size, efficient delivering capacity of bioactive factors, as well as enhanced biocompatibility and biodegradability. In this review, we aim to provide a broad survey of the synthesis of multifunctional MSN based nanostructures with exotic shapes and sizes. Further, their promise as a novel nanomedicine is also elaborated with respect to their role in bone tissue engineering. Also, recent progress in surface modification and functionalization with various polymers like poly (l-lactic acid)/poly (ε-caprolactone), polylysine-modified polyethylenimine, poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid), and poly (citrate-siloxane) and biological polymers like alginate, chitosan, and gelatine are also covered. Several attempts for conjugating drugs like dexamethasone and β–estradiol, antibiotics like vancomycin and levofloxaci, and imaging agents like fluorescein isothiocyanate and gadolinium, on the surface modified MSNs are also covered. Finally, the scope of developing orthopaedic implants and potential trends in 3D bioprinting applications of MSNs are also discussed. Hence, MSNs based nanomaterials may serve as improved candidate biotemplates or scaffolds for numerous bone tissue engineering, drug delivery and imaging applications deserving our full attention now.

Download Full-text

Fabrication of Scaffolds for Bone-Tissue Regeneration

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma12040568 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 568 ◽

Cited By ~ 90

Author(s):

Petra Chocholata ◽

Vlastimil Kulda ◽

Vaclav Babuska

Keyword(s):

Tissue Engineering ◽

Bone Tissue Engineering ◽

Bone Tissue ◽

Tissue Regeneration ◽

Clinical Medicine ◽

Bone Tissue Regeneration ◽

Materials Used ◽

Manufacturing Technologies ◽

Regenerative Therapies ◽

Suitable Environment

The present article describes the state of the art in the rapidly developing field of bone tissue engineering, where many disciplines, such as material science, mechanical engineering, clinical medicine and genetics, are interconnected. The main objective is to restore and improve the function of bone tissue by scaffolds, providing a suitable environment for tissue regeneration and repair. Strategies and materials used in oral regenerative therapies correspond to techniques generally used in bone tissue engineering. Researchers are focusing on developing and improving new materials to imitate the native biological neighborhood as authentically as possible. The most promising is a combination of cells and matrices (scaffolds) that can be fabricated from different kinds of materials. This review summarizes currently available materials and manufacturing technologies of scaffolds for bone-tissue regeneration.

Download Full-text

Is There a Governing Role of Osteocytes in Bone Tissue Regeneration?

Current Osteoporosis Reports ◽

10.1007/s11914-020-00610-6 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 18 (5) ◽

pp. 541-550

Author(s):

Wei Cao ◽

Marco N. Helder ◽

Nathalie Bravenboer ◽

Gang Wu ◽

Jianfeng Jin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nitric Oxide ◽

Tissue Engineering ◽

Bone Tissue Engineering ◽

Bone Regeneration ◽

Bone Tissue ◽

Bone Remodeling ◽

Tissue Regeneration ◽

Bone Cells ◽

Bone Tissue Regeneration ◽

Osteoblast Activity

Abstract Purpose of Review Bone regeneration plays an important role in contemporary clinical treatment. Bone tissue engineering should result in successful bone regeneration to restore congenital or acquired bone defects in the human skeleton. Osteocytes are thought to have a governing role in bone remodeling by regulating osteoclast and osteoblast activity, and thus bone loss and formation. In this review, we address the so far largely unknown role osteocytes may play in bone tissue regeneration. Recent Findings Osteocytes release biochemical signaling molecules involved in bone remodeling such as prostaglandins, nitric oxide, Wnts, and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). Treatment of mesenchymal stem cells in bone tissue engineering with prostaglandins (e.g., PGE2, PGI2, PGF2α), nitric oxide, IGF-1, or Wnts (e.g., Wnt3a) improves osteogenesis. Summary This review provides an overview of the functions of osteocytes in bone tissue, their interaction with other bone cells, and their role in bone remodeling. We postulate that osteocytes may have a pivotal role in bone regeneration as well, and consequently that the bone regeneration process may be improved effectively and rapidly if osteocytes are optimally used and stimulated.

Download Full-text

An update on the Application of Nanotechnology in Bone Tissue Engineering

The Open Orthopaedics Journal ◽

10.2174/1874325001610010836 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 836-848 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

MF Griffin ◽

DM Kalaskar ◽

A. Seifalian ◽

PE Butler

Keyword(s):

Tissue Engineering ◽

Extracellular Matrix ◽

Bone Tissue Engineering ◽

Bone Tissue ◽

Bone Structure ◽

Bioactive Molecules ◽

Bone Tissue Regeneration ◽

Native Bone ◽

Natural Bone ◽

Nanofibrous Scaffolds

Background:Natural bone is a complex and hierarchical structure. Bone possesses an extracellular matrix that has a precise nano-sized environment to encourage osteoblasts to lay down bone by directing them through physical and chemical cues. For bone tissue regeneration, it is crucial for the scaffolds to mimic the native bone structure. Nanomaterials, with features on the nanoscale have shown the ability to provide the appropriate matrix environment to guide cell adhesion, migration and differentiation.Methods:This review summarises the new developments in bone tissue engineering using nanobiomaterials. The design and selection of fabrication methods and biomaterial types for bone tissue engineering will be reviewed. The interactions of cells with different nanostructured scaffolds will be discussed including nanocomposites, nanofibres and nanoparticles.Results:Several composite nanomaterials have been able to mimic the architecture of natural bone. Bioceramics biomaterials have shown to be very useful biomaterials for bone tissue engineering as they have osteoconductive and osteoinductive properties. Nanofibrous scaffolds have the ability to provide the appropriate matrix environment as they can mimic the extracellular matrix structure of bone. Nanoparticles have been used to deliver bioactive molecules and label and track stem cells.Conclusion:Future studies to improve the application of nanomaterials for bone tissue engineering are needed.

Download Full-text

The Development Tendency of 3D-Printed Bioceramic Scaffolds for Applications Ranging From Bone Tissue Regeneration to Bone Tumor Therapy

Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology ◽

10.3389/fbioe.2021.754266 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

Author(s):

Zhixiang Fang ◽

Jihang Chen ◽

Jiangxia Pan ◽

Guoqiang Liu ◽

Chen Zhao

Keyword(s):

Tissue Engineering ◽

Bone Tissue Engineering ◽

Bone Tissue ◽

Tissue Regeneration ◽

Bone Tumor ◽

Physiological Activity ◽

Tumor Therapy ◽

Bone Tissue Regeneration ◽

Tumor Treatment ◽

3D Printed

Three-dimensional (3D) printing concept has been successfully employed in regenerative medicine to achieve individualized therapy due to its benefit of a rapid, accurate, and predictable production process. Traditional biocomposites scaffolds (SCF) are primarily utilised for bone tissue engineering; nevertheless, over the last few years, there has already been a dramatic shift in the applications of bioceramic (BCR) SCF. As a direct consequence, this study focused on the structural, degeneration, permeation, and physiological activity of 3D-printed BCR (3DP-B) SCF with various conformations and work systems (macros, micros, and nanos ranges), as well as their impacts on the mechanical, degeneration, porosity, and physiological activities. In addition, 3DP-B SCF are highlighted in this study for potential uses applied from bone tissue engineering (BTE) to bone tumor treatment. The study focused on significant advances in practical 3DP-B SCF that can be utilized for tumor treatment as well as bone tissue regeneration (BTR). Given the difficulties in treating bone tumors, these operational BCR SCF offer a lot of promise in mending bone defects caused by surgery and killing any remaining tumor cells to accomplish bone tumor treatment. Furthermore, a quick assessment of future developments in this subject was presented. The study not only summarizes recent advances in BCR engineering, but it also proposes a new therapeutic strategy focused on the extension of conventional ceramics’ multifunction to a particular diagnosis.

Download Full-text

Biofunctional Ionic-Doped Calcium Phosphates: Silk Fibroin Composites for Bone Tissue Engineering Scaffolding

Cells Tissues Organs ◽

10.1159/000469703 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 204 (3-4) ◽

pp. 150-163 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

S. Pina ◽

R.F. Canadas ◽

G. Jiménez ◽

M. Perán ◽

J.A. Marchal ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tissue Engineering ◽

Cell Proliferation ◽

Bone Tissue Engineering ◽

Bone Tissue ◽

Silk Fibroin ◽

Tissue Regeneration ◽

Calcium Phosphates ◽

Bone Tissue Regeneration ◽

Osteogenic Potential

The treatment and regeneration of bone defects caused by traumatism or diseases have not been completely addressed by current therapies. Lately, advanced tools and technologies have been successfully developed for bone tissue regeneration. Functional scaffolding materials such as biopolymers and bioresorbable fillers have gained particular attention, owing to their ability to promote cell adhesion, proliferation, and extracellular matrix production, which promote new bone growth. Here, we present novel biofunctional scaffolds for bone regeneration composed of silk fibroin (SF) and β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) and incorporating Sr, Zn, and Mn, which were successfully developed using salt-leaching followed by a freeze-drying technique. The scaffolds presented a suitable pore size, porosity, and high interconnectivity, adequate for promoting cell attachment and proliferation. The degradation behavior and compressive mechanical strengths showed that SF/ionic-doped TCP scaffolds exhibit improved characteristics for bone tissue engineering when compared with SF scaffolds alone. The in vitro bioactivity assays using a simulated body fluid showed the growth of an apatite layer. Furthermore, in vitro assays using human adipose-derived stem cells presented different effects on cell proliferation/differentiation when varying the doping agents in the biofunctional scaffolds. The incorporation of Zn into the scaffolds led to improved proliferation, while the Sr- and Mn-doped scaffolds presented higher osteogenic potential as demonstrated by DNA quantification and alkaline phosphatase activity. The combination of Sr with Zn led to an influence on cell proliferation and osteogenesis when compared with single ions. Our results indicate that biofunctional ionic-doped composite scaffolds are good candidates for further in vivo studies on bone tissue regeneration.

Download Full-text

Dual Network Composites of Poly(vinyl alcohol)-Calcium Metaphosphate/Alginate with Osteogenic Ions for Bone Tissue Engineering in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Bioengineering ◽

10.3390/bioengineering8080107 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (8) ◽

pp. 107

Author(s):

Lilis Iskandar ◽

Lucy DiSilvio ◽

Jonathan Acheson ◽

Sanjukta Deb

Keyword(s):

Tissue Engineering ◽

Bone Tissue Engineering ◽

Bone Tissue ◽

Vinyl Alcohol ◽

Maxillofacial Surgery ◽

Bone Defects ◽

Bone Tissue Regeneration ◽

Poly Vinyl Alcohol ◽

Oral And Maxillofacial Surgery

Despite considerable advances in biomaterials-based bone tissue engineering technologies, autografts remain the gold standard for rehabilitating critical-sized bone defects in the oral and maxillofacial (OMF) region. A majority of advanced synthetic bone substitutes (SBS’s) have not transcended the pre-clinical stage due to inferior clinical performance and translational barriers, which include low scalability, high cost, regulatory restrictions, limited advanced facilities and human resources. The aim of this study is to develop clinically viable alternatives to address the challenges of bone tissue regeneration in the OMF region by developing ‘dual network composites’ (DNC’s) of calcium metaphosphate (CMP)—poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/alginate with osteogenic ions: calcium, zinc and strontium. To fabricate DNC’s, single network composites of PVA/CMP with 10% (w/v) gelatine particles as porogen were developed using two freeze–thawing cycles and subsequently interpenetrated by guluronate-dominant sodium alginate and chelated with calcium, zinc or strontium ions. Physicochemical, compressive, water uptake, thermal, morphological and in vitro biological properties of DNC’s were characterised. The results demonstrated elastic 3D porous scaffolds resembling a ‘spongy bone’ with fluid absorbing capacity, easily sculptable to fit anatomically complex bone defects, biocompatible and osteoconductive in vitro, thus yielding potentially clinically viable for SBS alternatives in OMF surgery.

Download Full-text

A Bibliometric Analysis of the Global Trend of Using Alginate, Gelatine, and Hydroxyapatite for Bone Tissue Regeneration Applications

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym13040647 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 647

Author(s):

Mohamed Saiful Firdaus Hussin ◽

Aludin Mohd Serah ◽

Khairul Azri Azlan ◽

Hasan Zuhudi Abdullah ◽

Maizlinda Izwana Idris ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tissue Engineering ◽

Bone Tissue Engineering ◽

Bone Tissue ◽

Bibliometric Analysis ◽

Research Work ◽

The United States ◽

Research Area ◽

Bone Tissue Regeneration ◽

Future Research ◽

Starting Point

Collecting information from previous investigations and expressing it in a scientometrics study can be a priceless guide to getting a complete overview of a specific research area. The aim of this study is to explore the interrelated connection between alginate, gelatine, and hydroxyapatite within the scope of bone tissue and scaffold. A review of traditional literature with data mining procedures using bibliometric analyses was considered to identify the evolution of the selected research area between 2009 and 2019. Bibliometric methods and knowledge visualization technologies were implemented to investigate diverse publications based on the following indicators: year of publication, document type, language, country, institution, author, journal, keyword, and number of citations. An analysis using a bibliometric study found that 7446 papers were located with the keywords “bone tissue” and “scaffold”, and 1767 (alginate), 185 (gelatine), 5658 (hydroxyapatite) papers with those specific sub keywords. The number of publications that relate to “tissue engineering” and bone more than doubled between 2009 (1352) and 2019 (2839). China, the United States and India are the most productive countries, while Sichuan University and the Chinese Academy of Science from China are the most important institutions related to bone tissue scaffold. Materials Science and Engineering C is the most productive journal, followed by the Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A. This paper is a starting point, providing the first bibliometric analysis study of bone tissue and scaffold considering alginate, gelatine and hydroxyapatite. A bibliometric analysis would greatly assist in giving a scientific insight to support desired future research work, not only associated with bone tissue engineering applications. It is expected that the analysis of alginate, gelatine and hydroxyapatite in terms of 3D bioprinting, clinical outcomes, scaffold architecture, and the regenerative medicine approach will enhance the research into bone tissue engineering in the near future. Continued studies into these research fields are highly recommended.

Download Full-text