Effect of Long-Term Exercise Training on lncRNAs Expression in the Vascular Injury of Insulin Resistance

Aerobic exercise training has many known cardiovascular benefits that may promote healthy aging. It is not known if long-term aerobic exercise training is also associated with structural benefits (e.g., lower fat mass, higher areal bone mineral density (BMD) and greater muscle mass). We evaluated these parameters in middle-aged long-term endurance runners compared to sex-, age-, height-, and weight-matched non-running controls. Total and regional lean and fat mass and areal BMD were assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Sagittal magnetic resonance images captured the cross-sectional area and thickness of the lumbar multifidus. Runners (n = 10; all male) had a mean (standard deviation; SD) age of 49 (4) years, height of 178.9 (4.9) cm, weight of 67.8 (5.8) kg, body mass index (BMI) of 21.4 (1.4) kg/m2 and had been running 82.6 (27.9) km/week for 23 (13) years. Controls (n = 9) had a mean (SD) age of 51 (5) years, height of 176.0 (5.1) cm, weight of 72.8 (7.1) kg, and BMI of 23.7 (2.1) kg/m2. BMI was greater in controls (p = 0.010). When compared to controls on average, runners had a 10 percentage-point greater total body lean mass than controls (p = 0.001) and 14% greater trunk lean mass (p = 0.010), as well as less total body (8.6 kg; p < 0.001), arm (58%; p = 0.002), leg (52%; p < 0.001), trunk (73%; p < 0.001), android (91%; p < 0.001), and gynoid fat mass (64%; p < 0.001). No differences were observed between groups for BMD outcomes or multifidus size. These results underscore the benefits of endurance running to body composition that carry over to middle-age.

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Long-Term Exercise Training Selectively Alters Serum Cytokines Involved in Fever

Biological Research For Nursing ◽

10.1177/1099800408329409 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 374-380 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Pamela Johnson Rowsey ◽

Bonnie L. Metzger ◽

John Carlson ◽

Christopher J. Gordon

Keyword(s):

Exercise Training ◽

Core Temperature ◽

Binding Capacity ◽

Serum Zinc ◽

Female Rats ◽

Chronic Exercise ◽

Serum Cytokines ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Running Wheels

Long-term exercise training selectively alters serum cytokines involved in fever. Chronic exercise training has a number of effects on the immune system that may mimic the physiological response to fever. Female rats that voluntarily exercise on running wheels develop an elevated daytime core temperature after several weeks of training. It remains to be seen whether the elevation in daytime temperature involves inflammatory patterns characteristic of an infectious fever. We assessed whether chronic exercise training in the rat would alter levels of cytokines involved in fever. Female Sprague Dawley rats at 45 days of age weighing 90—110 g were divided into two groups (exercise and sedentary) and housed at an ambient temperature of 22°C. Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), iron, and zinc levels were analyzed. Rats underwent 8 weeks of exercise on running wheels. Exercise led to altered levels of some key cytokines that are involved in fever. Exercise animals had significantly higher IL-1β levels and lower IL-10 levels compared to sedentary animals. Although IL-6 levels were slightly lower in the exercise animals, these levels were not significantly affected by training. TNF-α activity was similar in the two groups. Training also led to a slight increase in serum zinc and decrease in serum unsaturated iron binding capacity (UIBC). The data suggest that chronic exercise training evokes immune responses that mimic some, but not all, aspects of fever. This may explain why exercise leads to elevated daytime core temperature.

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The Impact of Exercise Training Compared to Caloric Restriction on Hepatic and Peripheral Insulin Resistance in Obesity

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism ◽

10.1210/jc.2008-2033 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 94 (11) ◽

pp. 4258-4266 ◽

Cited By ~ 59

Author(s):

Robert H. Coker ◽

Rick H. Williams ◽

Sophie E. Yeo ◽

Patrick M. Kortebein ◽

Don L. Bodenner ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Insulin Resistance ◽

Exercise Training ◽

Caloric Restriction ◽

Peripheral Insulin Resistance ◽

The Impact

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Interaction of physical activity and diet: implications for insulin-glucose dynamics

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s136898009900049x ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 2 (3a) ◽

pp. 363-368 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Jean-Jacques Grimm

Keyword(s):

Insulin Resistance ◽

Cardiovascular Risk ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Glycogen Synthase ◽

Insulin Resistance Syndrome ◽

Low Fat ◽

Exercise Interventions ◽

High Carbohydrate ◽

Fat Diets

AbstractIn Western countries 25–35% of the population have insulin resistance syndrome characteristics.The defects most likely to explain the insulin resistance of the insulin resistance syndrome include: 1) the glucose transport system of skeletal muscle (GLUT-4) and its different signalling proteins and enzymes; 2) glucose phosphorylation by hexokinase; 3) glycogen synthase activity and 4) competition between glucose and fatty acid oxidation (glucose-fatty acid cycle).High carbohydrate/low fat diets deteriorate insulin sensitivity on the short term. Howewer, on the long term, high fat/low carbohydrate diets have a lower satiating power, induce low leptin levels and eventually lead to higher energy consumption, obesity and more insulin resistance. Moderately high-carbohydrate (45–55% of the daily calories)/low-fat diets seem to be a good choice with regard to the prevention of diabetes and cardiovascular risk factors as far as the carbohydrates are rich in fibers.Long-term interventions with regular exercise programs show a 1/3 decrease in the appearance of overt diabetes in glucose intolerant subjects. Furthermore, diet and exercise interventions "normalise" the mortality rate of patients with impared glucose tolerance.Therefore, moderately high carbohydrate/low fat diets are most likely to prevent obesity and type 2 diabetes. Triglycerides should be monitored and, in some cases, a part of the carbohydrates could be replaced by fat rich in monounsaturated fatty acids. However, total caloric intake is of utmost importance, as weight gain is the major determinant for the onset of insulin resistance and glucose intolerance.Regular (when possible daily) exercise, decreases cardiovascular risk. With regard to insulin resistance, resistance training seems to offer some advantages over aerobic endurance activities.

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