scholarly journals Looking for the missing link in the evolution of black inks

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Grzegorz Nehring ◽  
Olivier Bonnerot ◽  
Marius Gerhardt ◽  
Myriam Krutzsch ◽  
Ira Rabin
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Important Case ◽  
Third Century ◽  
Missing Link ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Pure Carbon ◽  
Iron Gall ◽  
Black Writing ◽  
Infrared Reflectography ◽  
Carbon Inks

AbstractIn the transition from carbon to iron-gall inks, the two documents from the Egyptian Museum and Papyrus Collection in Berlin with shelfmarks P 13500 and P 13501 discussed in this work present an important case. Their inks appear brownish, although they date back to the fourth and third century BCE, when carbon inks are believed to have been commonly if not exclusively used. Using imaging micro-X-ray fluorescence and infrared reflectography, we discovered that the inks in both documents contain a significant amount of copper in addition to carbon. Comparing the extant recipes for black writing inks and the experimental evidence, we suggest that these inks are a transition between the pure carbon and the iron-gall inks. Such inks may have been quite common before the production of iron-gall ink was clearly understood and established.

Tuschenanalyse im P 11702

2021 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 277-282
Author(s):  
Grzegorz Nehring ◽  
Myriam Krutzsch ◽  
Ira Rabin
Keyword(s):  
Near Infrared ◽  
Fluorescence Analysis ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Ink Analysis ◽  
Significant Addition ◽  
Infrared Reflectography ◽  
Carbon Inks

Abstract Near-infrared reflectography and imaging X-ray fluorescence analysis reveal that carbon inks of two different compositions were used in the papyrus manuscript Berlin P 11702. In contrast with the writing ink, one of the carbon drawing inks contained a significant addition of iron. This result emphasizes the need for routine instrumental ink analysis.

Experimental evidence of the ferrimagnetic ground state of Sr 2 FeMoO 6 probed by X-ray magnetic circular dichroism

2002 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 608-614 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Besse ◽  
V Cros ◽  
A Barthélémy ◽  
H Jaffrès ◽  
J Vogel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Circular Dichroism ◽  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Ground State ◽  
Magnetic Circular Dichroism ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Circular Dichroïsm

scholarly journals Comments on the paper "experimental evidence of an x-ray laser".

1973 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 1227-1228 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. C. Bristow ◽  
J. M. Forsyth ◽  
M. J. Lubin ◽  
J. G. Kepros ◽  
E. M. Eyring ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
X Ray

Experimental evidence for the amino-group non-planarity in nitroanilines: neutron diffraction study of 2-methyl-5-nitroaniline at 100 K

1999 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier Ellena ◽  
Andrés E. Goeta ◽  
Judith A. K. Howard ◽  
Chick C. Wilson ◽  
Juan C. Autino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Recognition ◽  
Neutron Diffraction ◽  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Diffraction Study ◽  
Title Compound ◽  
Neutron Diffraction Study ◽  
Amino Group ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Related Compounds ◽  
Centrosymmetric Dimers

An appreciable degree of pyramidalization of the amine N atom is observed in the title compound. The existence of polar chains, induced by N—H...O synthons, is confirmed. C—H...O interactions, not noted in a previous X-ray study, were found to stabilize further the known head-to-tail assembling of the chains. The structure can be described as non-polar (101) layers, embodying chains interlinked by centrosymmetric dimers, connected by C(aryl)—H...π interactions. The latter are not present in m-nitroaniline, 2-methyl-4-nitroaniline and other related compounds with chains built from similar N—H...O synthons and assembled head-to-head. This finding implies that an obvious relationship between molecular recognition patterns and crystal structures should not be assumed.

The Roman Ceramics of Salobrena (Granada-Spain) and their Raw Materials

1992 ◽  
Vol 267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana M De Andres ◽  
Isabel MuÑOZ
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Analysis ◽  
Differential Thermal Analysis ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Third Century ◽  
Western Coast ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
The Third ◽  
Good Number ◽  
Scanning Electron

ABSTRACTNineteen roman ceramic sherds found near Salobreña (Granada, Spain), in the western coast of the Mediterranean Sea, as well as different ceramic clays from the surroundingsare studied. Both clays and ceramic sherds are characterizad by X-ray diffraction and spectrometry, differential thermal analysis, and scanning electron and optical microscopies. A good number of the ceramic pieces, among which some “Terrae Sigillatae”, have a composition similar to that of the local clays and, thus, have been probably manufactured at Salobreña. Only a few of them have a foreign origin. For most of them, the firing temperature was about 800-850 °C, although some have been produced at 900-1000 °C, and some others at 1000-1100 °C. It is concluded that Salobreña appearsto have been an important settlement just in the third century of the Christian era.

Are mesoionic compounds aromatic?

1998 ◽  
Vol 76 (6) ◽  
pp. 869-872 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfredo Mayall Simas ◽  
Joseph Miller ◽  
Petrônio Filgueiras de Athayade Filho
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Dipole Moments ◽  
The Other ◽  
Side Chain ◽  
Theoretical Studies ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Ring Plane ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Single Bonds

We have evaluated the experimental evidence relevant to the structure and character of mesoionic compounds, accumulated for more than 100 years and including X-ray diffraction studies. We have also evaluated relevant theoretical studies. All these, including our own extensive work, lead us to conclude that mesoionic compounds are not aromatic. According to our recent definition “mesoionic compounds are planar five-membered heterocyclic betaines with at least one side chain whose α-atom is also in the ring plane and with dipole moments of the order of 5 D. Electrons are delocalized over two regions separated by what are essentially single bonds. One region, which includes the a-atom of the side chain is associated with the HOMO and negative π-charge whereas the other is associated with the LUMO and positive π-charge.” Key words: mesoionic compounds, betaines, aromaticity.

scholarly journals Study of Iron Gall Inks, Ingredients and Paper Composition Using Non-Destructive Techniques

Heritage ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 2691-2703 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victoria Corregidor ◽  
Rita Viegas ◽  
Luís M. Ferreira ◽  
Luís C. Alves
Keyword(s):  
Structural Information ◽  
Uv Light ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Crystallinity Index ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Paper Degradation ◽  
Iron Gall ◽  
Non Destructive ◽  
Non Destructive Techniques

Old manuscripts are among the most important elements of the cultural and historical heritage of ancient knowledge. Unfortunately, many of them suffer from degradation, mostly those written with iron gall inks. In the present work, a study using non-destructive techniques was designed with the aim of analyzing the elemental composition and structural characteristics of iron gall inks, reproduced in laboratory, paper and their interaction when the ink is deposited on paper, inducing the paper degradation. Proton induced X-ray emission, X-ray diffraction and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy provided the elemental and structural information, and photography under infrared (IR) and ultraviolet (UV) light allowed the differentiation between manufactured inks. Results show that the first step of inked paper deterioration is due to acid-hydrolysis of the cellulose and the presence of reactive Fe(II) species by reducing the crystallinity index of the paper, which is affected depending on the ink recipe and the starting raw materials. These results will be useful to future studies on ancient documents written with iron gall inks, which suffer deterioration due to ink corrosion, and to differentiate between the different paper degradation mechanisms.

scholarly journals Experimental evidence of the generation of multi-hundred megabar pressures in 0.26 μm wavelength laser experiments

1986 ◽  
Vol 4 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 413-419 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Fabbro ◽  
B. Faral ◽  
J. Virmont ◽  
H. Pepin ◽  
F. Cottet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Shock Wave ◽  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Laser Wavelength ◽  
Aluminium Foil ◽  
Step Method ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Laser Experiments ◽  
The Impact

A 9 μm thick aluminium foil is accelerated to a velocity of about 160 km/s by a laser of 0.26 μm wavelength and intensity of 1015 W/cm2 and collides with an aluminium impact foil. The measurement of the velocity of the induced shock wave in the impact foil, using a step method at the rear of the impact foil, gives pressures in the multi-hundred megabar range. The dynamics and constraints of this shock wave are presented and the effect of X-ray preheating, which can be important at this laser wavelength, is discussed.

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