Biodiesel produced using potassium methoxide homogeneous alkaline catalyst: effects of various factors on soap formation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Issara Chanakaewsomboon ◽  
Khamphe Phoungthong ◽  
Arkom Palamanit ◽  
Vatcharee Seechamnanturakit ◽  
Chin Kui Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Alkaline Catalyst ◽  
Potassium Methoxide

scholarly journals OBTAINING NEW FLOCCULANTS BASED ON HIGH-SUBSTITUTED CATIONIC STARCHES

2017 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergei M. Butrim ◽  
Tatiana D. Bil´dyukevich ◽  
Nataliya S. Butrim ◽  
Tatiana L. Yurkshtovich ◽  
Fedor N. Kaputskiy
Keyword(s):  
Supramolecular Structure ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Potato Starch ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Degree Of Crystallinity ◽  
Alkaline Condition ◽  
Polymeric Chain ◽  
Alkaline Catalyst ◽  
Long Time ◽  
A Charge

In this work synthesis of the high-substituted cationic starches by reaction of starches of different botanical origin with 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyltrimetylammonium chloride in the presence of the alkaline catalyst was carried out by semi-dry way. The assessment of their flocculating properties on the model systems of kaolinic dispersions was carried out. It was established that the efficiency of a starch cationization substantially depends on its nature. This is due to various initial supermlecular structure and morphology of starch granules. The largest rate and degree of a cationization was characteristic for potato starch, and the least – for corn. The offered heterogeneous method of synthesis allows to receive the high-substituted cationic starches with preservation their granular and minimum changes in supramolecular structure. At achievement of particular extent of high-substituted (DScat> 0.1) cationic starches form the transparent colloid dispersions in cold water. Cationization of starches to higher DScat. demands increase in a consumption of cationic reagent and the catalyst. Formation of cationic bonds in starch was confirmed with results of element and IR-spectroscopical analyses. When carrying out a cationization of starch in an alkaline condition there can be changes of the supramolecular structure of a polysaccharide depending on a temperature and type of starch. Unessential decrease in a degree of crystallinity of all types of starches after their cationization at ambient temperature was demonstrated by the diffractograms received in work. Despite slight amorphicity of starch after their cationization it should be noted that all cationic starches having DScat> 0.1, easily disperse in cold water with formation of the homogeneous transparent pastes. The kinetics and efficiency of a flocculation of model kaolinic suspensions with synthesized cationic starches was investigated. Kaolinic suspensions for lack of flocculant are rather stable for a long time. Introduction to the system of cationic starch leads to fast destabilization of kaolinic dispersions. At the same time for all cationic starches with increase in a dose in the range of 0.5 – 7.5 mg/g(kaolin) the flocculation rate of particles of kaolin dispersions increases. The most efficiently a flocculation of dispersions of kaolin happens to the largest rate in the presence of cationic potato starch. It was established that the efficiency of a flocculation of mineral kaolinic systems is defined not only by a molecular mass of polymer, but also the sizes of non-draining chains which in the strong degree depend on a charge of microions and a rigidity of a polymeric chain. It was shown that the synthesized flocculants are not inferior in efficiency to the polyacrylamide derivants which are applied now.Forcitation:Butrim S.M., Bildyukevich T.D., Butrim N.S., Yurkshtovich T.L., Kaputskiy F.N. Obtaining new flocculants based on high-substituted cationic starches. Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol. 2018. V. 61. N 1. P. 89-95

scholarly journals Hydrophobic Starch-Based Films Using Potato Washing Slurries and Spent Frying Oil

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 2897
Author(s):  
Sílvia Petronilho ◽  
André Oliveira ◽  
M. Rosário Domingues ◽  
Fernando M. Nunes ◽  
Manuel A. Coimbra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Potato Starch ◽  
Contact Angles ◽  
Single Step ◽  
Frying Oil ◽  
Biodegradable Films ◽  
Water Contact ◽  
Alkaline Catalyst ◽  
Application Range ◽  
Structural Differences

Starch is a promising candidate for preparing biodegradable films with useful gas barriers and thermoplastic capabilities. However, these materials are hydrophilic and brittle, thus limiting their application range. To overcome these drawbacks, it has been hypothesized that starch can be hydrophobized and plasticized during the starch-based film production using a single-step approach and following transesterification principles. In this work, KOH powder and spent frying oil (SFO) were used as an alkaline catalyst and a source for triacylglycerides, respectively, to promote the modification of starch. Different ratios of SFO (w/w related to the dried starch weight) were tested. When compared to the neat films (without a catalyst and SFO), the incorporation of at least 15% SFO/KOH gave rise to transparent, hydrophobic (water contact angles of ca. 90°), stretchable (ca. 20×), elastic (ca. 5×), and water tolerant starch-based films, contrary to the films produced without the catalyst. ATR-FTIR and 1H NMR revealed structural differences among the produced films, suggesting that starch was modified with the SFO-derived fatty acids. Therefore, adding KOH during the potato starch/spent frying oil-based film’s production was determined to be a promising in situ strategy to develop starch-based materials with improved hydrophobicity and flexibility, while valorizing the potato chip industry’s byproducts.

scholarly journals KINETICS OF PALM OIL TRANSESTERIFICATION IN METHANOL WITH POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE AS A CATALYST

2010 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-225
Author(s):  
Yoeswono Yoeswono ◽  
Triyono Triyono ◽  
Iqmal Tahir
Keyword(s):  
Activation Energy ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Rate Constants ◽  
Potassium Hydroxide ◽  
Catalyst Concentration ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Pseudo First Order Reaction ◽  
Exponential Factor ◽  
Potassium Methoxide ◽  
First Order

A study on palm oil transesterification to evaluate the effect of some parameters in the reaction on the reaction kinetics has been carried out. Transesterification was started by preparing potassium methoxide from potassium hydroxide and methanol and then mixed it with the palm oil. An aliquot was taken at certain time interval during transesterification and poured into test tube filled with distilled water to stop the reaction immediately. The oil phase that separated from the glycerol phase by centrifugation was analyzed by 1H-NMR spectrometer to determine the percentage of methyl ester conversion. Temperature and catalyst concentration were varied in order to determine the reaction rate constants, activation energies, pre-exponential factors, and effective collisions. The results showed that palm oil transesterification in methanol with 0.5 and 1 % w/w KOH/palm oil catalyst concentration appeared to follow pseudo-first order reaction. The rate constants increase with temperature. After 13 min of reaction, More methyl esters were formed using KOH 1 % than using 0.5 % w/w KOH/palm oil catalyst concentration. The activation energy (Ea) and pre-exponential factor (A) for reaction using 1 % w/w KOH was lower than those using 0.5 % w/w KOH.   Keywords: palm oil, transesterification, catalyst, first order kinetics, activation energy, pre-exponential factor

scholarly journals Results of Сamelina oil assessment

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.L. Turina ◽  
◽  
S.G. Efimenko ◽  
Yu.A. Kornev ◽  
A.P. Liksutina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Camelina Sativa ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Homogeneous Catalyst ◽  
Gas Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Oilseed Crop ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Alkaline Catalyst ◽  
The Crimea

Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz – is an annual oilseed crop in the family Brassicaceae. The aim of the research was to study oil obtained from camelina seeds cultivated in the Crimea. Determination of fatty acid composition was carried out on the gas chromatograph “Хроматэк – Кристалл 5000” (Hromatek - Crystal 5000); automatic dosing unit ДАЖ-2М (DAJ- 2M); capillary column SolGelWax 30m × 0.25 mm × 0.5 μm; carrier gas – helium; speed – 22 centimeters per second; programming temperature –178–230 °С. The preparation of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) using gas-liquid chromatography (GC) was performed in line with the methodology. The content of biologically active substances (tocopherols) in Camelina sativa oil was carried out using thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and spectroscopy. To obtain biofuel, we used the transesterification of triglyceride (or triacylglycerols) of camelina oil with methyl alcohol using potassium hydroxide (or sodium) as a homogeneous catalyst, as well as active metal oxides or enzymes (regiospecific lipase) as heterogeneous catalysts. Camelina sativa oil, obtained from false flax cultivated in the Crimea, should be used, first of all, to ensure healthy, dietary and therapeutic nutrition of the locals and tourists. Since, depending on the variety and the amount of precipitation, it contains 17.89-19.66% of linoleic acid; 33.02-37.06% of linolenic acid; not more than 3.05% of erucic acid. Furthermore, the ratio of omega-3 to omega-6 fatty acids varies from 1.7: 1.0 to 2.2: 1.0 even in wet years. The oil from the winter camelina seeds (‘Penzyak’ variety) in its composition and properties is suitable for the synthesis of biodiesel by the methanolysis reaction using a homogeneous alkaline catalyst. The physical and chemical properties of the obtained biodiesel are similar to those of sunflower or rapeseed oils.

Structure of the potassium methoxide adduct of s-trinitrobenzene, a Meisenheimer complex

1979 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 733-736 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Destro ◽  
T. Pilati ◽  
M. Simonetta
Keyword(s):  
Potassium Methoxide

scholarly journals Alkoxide-catalyzed addition of alkyl carbonates across alkynes – stereoselective synthesis of (E)-β-alkoxyacrylates

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 643-646
Author(s):  
Timo Wendling ◽  
Eugen Risto ◽  
Benjamin Erb ◽  
Lukas J. Gooßen
Keyword(s):  
Stereoselective Synthesis ◽  
Terminal Alkynes ◽  
Potassium Methoxide ◽  
Stereoselective Addition

Terminal alkynes were converted to (E)-β-alkoxyacrylates via regio- and stereoselective addition of dialky carbonates catalyzed by potassium methoxide.

scholarly journals The Formation of Glycerol Oligomers with Two New Types of End Groups in the Presence of a Homogeneous Alkaline Catalyst

Polymers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dawid Kansy ◽  
Kornelia Bosowska ◽  
Krystyna Czaja ◽  
Anna Poliwoda
Keyword(s):  
Catalyst Concentration ◽  
Reaction Medium ◽  
Hydroxyl Groups ◽  
Ionization Mass ◽  
Carboxylate Group ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Direct Infusion ◽  
Alkaline Catalyst ◽  
End Groups ◽  
First Time

The purpose of this work was to synthesize and characterize oligoglycerols with the chains of more than four repeating units. Those oligoglycerols may have some interesting applications, among others, as polyoxyalkylation starters. The glycerol oligomerization process was carried out during 12 h, at 230 °C, under the pressure of 0.4 bar, with the use of sodium carbonate as a homogeneous basic catalyst; various concentrations of the catalyst in the reaction medium were used. The reaction products were analyzed with the use of direct infusion electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) techniques. Based on the analytical findings, the compositions of the obtained product mixtures and the structures of oligoglycerols present in individual fractions were determined. The effect of catalyst concentration on the composition of the post-reaction mixture was observed. Moreover, in addition to the conventional linear oligomers (α,α-oligoglycerols), two new types of the oligomers were for the first time detected in the post-reaction mixture: one with two hydroxyl groups and the other with a carboxylate group at the α-carbon atom.

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