Living alone vs. living with someone as a predictor of mortality after a bone fracture in older age

Abstract Background Living alone is a risk factor for health decline in old age, especially when facing adverse events increasing vulnerability. Aim We examined whether living alone is associated with higher post-fracture mortality risk. Methods Participants were 190 men and 409 women aged 75 or 80 years at baseline. Subsequent fracture incidence and mortality were followed up for 15 years. Extended Cox regression analysis was used to compare the associations between living arrangements and mortality risk during the first post-fracture year and during the non-fracture time. All participants contributed to the non-fracture state until a fracture occurred or until death/end of follow-up if they did not sustain a fracture. Participants who sustained a fracture during the follow-up returned to the non-fracture state 1 year after the fracture unless they died or were censored due to end of follow-up. Results Altogether, 22% of men and 40% of women sustained a fracture. During the first post-fracture year, mortality risk was over threefold compared to non-fracture time but did not differ by living arrangement. In women, living alone was associated with lower mortality risk during non-fracture time, but the association attenuated after adjustment for self-rated health. In men, living alone was associated with increased mortality risk during non-fracture time, although not significantly. Conclusion The results suggest that living alone is not associated with pronounced mortality risk after a fracture compared to living with someone.

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Mortality Risk Among Older People Who Did Versus Did Not Sustain a Fracture: Baseline Prefracture Strength and Gait Speed as Predictors in a 15-Year Follow-Up

The Journals of Gerontology Series A ◽

10.1093/gerona/glz251 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 75 (10) ◽

pp. 1996-2002

Author(s):

Kaisa Koivunen ◽

Elina Sillanpää ◽

Mikaela von Bonsdorff ◽

Ritva Sakari ◽

Timo Törmäkangas ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Muscle Strength ◽

Mortality Risk ◽

Gait Speed ◽

Cox Regression ◽

Population Based ◽

Knee Extension ◽

Cox Regression Analysis ◽

Knee Extension Strength ◽

Incidence And Mortality

Abstract Background Physiological reserve, as indicated by muscle strength and gait speed, may be especially determinant of survival in people who are exposed to a health stressor. We studied whether the association between strength/speed and mortality risk would be stronger in the time period after a fracture compared to other time periods. Methods Participants were population-based sample of 157 men and 325 women aged 75 and 80 years at baseline. Maximal 10-m gait speed and maximal isometric grip and knee extension strength were tested at the baseline before the fracture. Subsequent fracture incidence and mortality were followed up for 15 years. Cox regression analysis was used to estimate fracture time-stratified effects of gait speed and muscle strength on mortality risk in three states: (i) nonfracture state, (ii) the first postfracture year, and (iii) after the first postfracture year until death/end of follow-up. Results During the follow-up, 20% of the men and 44% of the women sustained a fracture. In both sexes, lower gait speed and in women lower knee extension strength was associated with increased mortality risk in the nonfracture state. During the first postfracture year, the mortality risk associated with slower gait and lower strength was increased and higher than in the nonfracture state. After the first postfracture year, mortality risk associated with lower gait speed and muscle strength attenuated. Conclusions Lower gait speed and muscle strength were more strongly associated with mortality risk after fracture than during nonfracture time, which may indicate decreased likelihood of recovery.

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Association of Different Physical Activity Domains on All-Cause Mortality in Adults Participating in Primary Care in the Brazilian National Health System: 4-Year Follow-up

Journal of Physical Activity and Health ◽

10.1123/jpah.2016-0067 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 45-51 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Bruna C. Turi ◽

Jamile S. Codogno ◽

Romulo A. Fernandes ◽

Xuemei Sui ◽

Carl J. Lavie ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Mortality Risk ◽

Cox Regression ◽

National Health System ◽

Circulatory System ◽

Cox Regression Analysis ◽

Circulatory System Diseases ◽

All Cause Mortality ◽

Males And Females

Background:Evidence has shown that physical activity (PA) is associated with low mortality risk. However, data about reduced mortality due to PA are scarce in developing countries and the dose–response relationship between PA from different domains and all-cause mortality remains unclear. Thus, the aim of this study is to investigate the association of PA from different domains on all-cause mortality among Brazilian adults.Methods:679 males and females composed the study sample. Participants were divided into quartile groups according to PA from different domains (occupational, sports, and leisure-time). Medical records were used to identify the cause of the death. Cox regression analysis was performed to determine the independent associations of PA from different domains and all-cause mortality.Results:During the follow-up period, 59 participants died. The most prevalent cause of death was circulatory system diseases (n = 20; 33.9% [21.8%–45.9%]). Higher scores of occupational (HR= 0.45 [95% CI: 0.20–0.97]), sports (HR= 0.44 [95% CI: 0.20–0.95]) and overall PA (HR= 0.40 [95% CI: 0.17–0.90]) were associated with lower mortality, even after adjustment for confounders.Conclusions:The findings in this study showed the importance of being active in different domains to reduce mortality risk.

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Mortality risk by living arrangements for the elderly Belgian population

Revue Quetelet/Quetelet Journal ◽

10.14428/rqj2016.04.01.02 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Michel Poulain ◽

Luc Dal ◽

Anne Herm

Keyword(s):

Gender Gap ◽

Mortality Risk ◽

Living Arrangements ◽

Living Arrangement ◽

The Elderly ◽

Personnes Âgées ◽

Living Alone ◽

Age Difference ◽

Belgian Population ◽

And Gender

RésuméObjectifs : Le risque de décéder aux âges élevés est associé avec l’état matrimonial, mais également avec la situation de ménage de la personne considérée (avec qui une personne vit). Cette étude analyse comment l’association entre situation de ménage et risque de décéder varie en fonction de l’âge et du sexe. Données et méthodes : Nous utilisons des données extraites du Registre national belge concernant la situation de ménage de plus de 3 millions de personnes âgées de 60 ans et plus, ob-servées du 1er janvier 1991 au 31 décembre 2010. Tout d’abord nous calculons et comparons les probabilités annuelles de décéder pour les personnes selon les différentes situations de ménage. Ensuite nous construisons des tables de mortalité mul-ti-états en utilisant les probabilités annuelles de transition entre différentes situations de ménage et ce, afin de reconstituer les trajectoires de situation de ménage. Résultats : Nos résultats confirment l’effet protectif associé au fait de vivre en couple marié, mais ils montrent également que vivre seul aux âges plus élevés devient favo-rable à la survie. Un croisement apparaît entre les risques de décéder de ceux vivant seuls et ceux vivant avec d’autres personnes, mais pas avec leur conjoint. Toutefois de fortes différences ressortent selon le sexe. Enfin vivre en ménage collectif est largement défavorable pour la survie par comparaison à tous les types de ménages privés et ce, pour les deux sexes. Discussion : La façon dont le risque de décéder varie selon la situation de ménage est différente selon le sexe et diminue avec l’âge de fa-çon relative. Parmi d’autres explications, le rôle sélectif de l’état de santé est majeur, tout comme le soutien du conjoint qui est, dans la plupart des cas, le premier donneur de soin. Selon cette perspective, la différence d’espérance de vie en santé entre hommes et femmes et la différence d’âges entre conjoints pourraient contribuer à expliquer les différences du risque de décéder selon la situation de ménage entre les hommes et les femmes. Nos résultats sont importants dans le cadre des politiques sociales relatives aux personnes âgées et plus particulièrement pour l’évaluation des besoins futurs de nos populations vieillissantes.AbstractObjectives: Mortality risk in old age is associated with both marital status and living arrangements (with whom a person is living). This study analyses how the association between living arrangements and mortality risk varies by age and gender. Data and methods: We use a dataset extracted from the Belgian national register for the population aged 60 years and over, from 1 January 1991 to 31 December 2010, that includes more than three million persons and describes their living arrangements. First we compute and compare single-year probabilities of death for each living arrangement. Then, in order to recompose the living arrangement trajectories, we construct multistate life tables using annual probabilities of the transitions between successive living arrangements. Results: Our results confirm the protective effect of living with a spouse, and also show that at older ages living alone becomes advantageous. A crossover occurs in the mortality risks of those living alone and those living with others (not with a spouse), but large differences appear between the genders. Institutional living arrangements are largely detrimental for survival compared with private living arrangements for both genders. Discussion: The variation of mortality risk by living arrangements is gender-specific and decreases by age in relative terms. Among possible explanations, the selective role of health is paramount, as well as the presence of a spouse, who is the primary caregiver in most cases. According to this perspective, the gender gap in healthy life expectancy and the age difference between spouses contribute to explaining the gender differences. Our findings are highly relevant to social policies and the social discourse pertaining to the future needs of the elderly within the context of population ageing.

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Living alone, loneliness and lack of emotional support as predictors of suicide and self-harm: seven-year follow up of the UK Biobank cohort

10.1101/19008458 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Richard J. Shaw ◽

Breda Cullen ◽

Nicholas Graham ◽

Donald M. Lyall ◽

Daniel Mackay ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Emotional Support ◽

Living Arrangements ◽

Hospital Admissions ◽

Cox Regression ◽

Living Alone ◽

Uk Biobank ◽

Self Harm ◽

The Uk ◽

The Relationship

AbstractBackgroundThe association between loneliness and suicide is complex, poorly understood, and there are no prior longitudinal studies. We aimed to investigate the relationship between living alone, loneliness and emotional support as predictors of death by suicide and self-harm.MethodsBetween 2006 and 2010 UK Biobank recruited over 0.5m people aged 37-73. This data was linked to prospective hospital admission and mortality records. Adjusted Cox regression models were used to investigate the relationship between self-reported measures of loneliness, emotional support and living arrangements and death by suicide and self-harm.ResultsFor women, there was no evidence that living arrangements, loneliness or lack of emotional support were associated with death by suicide. However, for men, both living alone (Hazard Ratio (HR) 2.19 95%CI 1.47-3.27) and with non-partners (HR 2.17 95%CI 1.28-3.69) were associated with death by suicide, independently of loneliness, which had a modest relationship with suicide in men (HR 1.45 95%CI 0.99-2.12). Associations between living alone and self-harm were explained by health for women, and by health, loneliness and emotional support for men. In fully adjusted models, loneliness was associated with hospital admissions for self-harm in both women (HR 1.90 95%CI 1.58-2.29) and men (HR 1.75 95%CI 1.41-2.18).ConclusionsFor men -but not for women- living alone or with a non-partner increased the risk of suicide, a finding not explained by loneliness. Loneliness may be more important as a risk factor for self-harm than for suicide, and appears to mitigate against any protective effect of cohabitation.

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1444Metabolically healthy obesity (MHO) in the Malmo Diet Cancer Study - epidemiology and prospective risks

European Heart Journal ◽

10.1093/eurheartj/ehz748.0079 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 40 (Supplement_1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

J Korduner ◽

E Bachus ◽

A Jujic ◽

M Magnusson ◽

P M Nilsson

Keyword(s):

Mortality Risk ◽

Cox Regression ◽

University Hospital ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Cox Regression Analysis ◽

Cancer Study ◽

All Cause Mortality ◽

Prospective Risk ◽

Morbidity Risk

Abstract Background/Aims Metabolically healthy obesity (MHO) is a controversial topic, since the underlying mechanisms and contributing factors behind this phenotype remain unclear. Here we aimed to investigate the characteristics of MHO, as well as prospective mortality risk. Method A cross-sectional analysis was carried out in a subsample of 3,812 obese subjects (BMI ≥30 kg/m2) selected from the Malmo Diet Cancer Study (MDCS) cohort (n=28,403). Subjects with MHO (n=1182; mean age 58±7 years) were defined by having no records of hospitalization in the national Swedish Hospital Discharge Register prior to the baseline examination, other than hospitalization due to normal deliveries or external injuries. MHO subjects were further compared to subjects with metabolically unhealthy obesity, MUO (n=2,630; mean age 60±7 years), and all non-obese individuals (n=24,591; mean age 58±8 years) in the cohort study. Moreover, prospective risk analyses for incident morbidity and mortality were carried out by Cox regression. Results Compared to MOU individuals (one-way ANOVA), MHO individuals were younger (58±7 years vs. 60±7 years, p=0.001) and more likely to be male (41.2% vs 37.1%, p=0.016). MHO individuals reported a significantly lower proportion of sedentary life style than MUO (17.4% vs. 21.9%, p=0.009), and were more likely to hold a university degree (13.4% vs. 9.4%, p=0.003). Furthermore, MHO individuals had significantly lower HbA1c (p=0.012), fasting plasma glucose (p=0.001) and triglyceride levels (p=0.011) as compared to their MOU counterparts. Cox-regression analysis adjusted for age, sex, smoking and blood pressure (follow-up time 20±6 years) showed both a significantly lower all-cause mortality risk for MHO individuals as compared to MUO (HR 0.74, 95% CI: 0.66–0.82; p=0.001), as well as lower total incident cardiovascular (CV) morbidity risk (HR 0.69, 95% CI: 0.60–0.80; p=0.001). Interestingly, when comparing MHO individuals to all non-obese individuals in the MDCS, there were no significant differences in neither mortality risk (p=0.9), nor incident CV morbidity risk (p=0.7). All-cause mortality risk Conclusion Compared to MUO individuals, MHO individuals presented with a higher level of education- and physical activity together with a more favorable lipid- and glucose profile. MHO individuals were at significantly lower prospective risk of total- and cardiovascular mortality during 20-years follow-up, as compared to MOU individuals. Notably, no significant differences could be seen in mortality and CV morbidity risks when comparing MHO subjects to all non-obese individuals in the total cohort. Acknowledgement/Funding The Research Council of Sweden and Skane University Hospital Funds and Foundations (Sweden)

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Low-Blood Lymphocyte Number and Lymphocyte Decline as Key Factors in COPD Outcomes: A Longitudinal Cohort Study

Respiration ◽

10.1159/000515180 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-13

Author(s):

Umberto Semenzato ◽

Davide Biondini ◽

Erica Bazzan ◽

Mariaenrica Tiné ◽

Elisabetta Balestro ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cox Regression ◽

Chronic Obstructive ◽

Long Term Outcomes ◽

Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽

Cox Regression Analysis ◽

Incidence And Mortality ◽

Multiple Samples ◽

Over Time

Background: Smokers with and without chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are at risk of severe outcomes like exacerbations, cancer, respiratory failure, and decreased survival. The mechanisms for these outcomes are unclear; however, there is evidence that blood lymphocytes (BL) number might play a role. Objective: The objective of this study is to investigate the relationship between BL and their possible decline over time with long-term outcomes in smokers with and without COPD. Methods: In 511 smokers, 302 with COPD (COPD) and 209 without COPD (noCOPD), followed long term, we investigated whether BL number and BL decline over time might be associated with long-term outcomes. Smokers were divided according to BL number in high-BL (≥1,800 cells/µL) and low-BL (<1,800 cells/µL). Clinical features, cancer incidence, and mortality were recorded during follow-up. BL count in multiple samples and BL decline over time were calculated and related to outcomes. Results: BL count was lower in COPD (1,880 cells/µL) than noCOPD (2,300 cells/µL; p < 0.001). 43% of COPD and 23% of noCOPD had low-BL count (p < 0.001). BL decline over time was higher in COPD than noCOPD (p = 0.040). 22.5% of the whole cohort developed cancer which incidence was higher in low-BL subjects and in BL decliners than high-BL (31 vs. 18%; p = 0.001) and no decliners (32 vs. 19%; p = 0.002). 26% in the cohort died during follow-up. Furthermore, low-BL count, BL decline, and age were independent risk factors for mortality by Cox regression analysis. Conclusion: BL count and BL decline are related to worse outcomes in smokers with and without COPD, which suggests that BL count and decline might play a mechanistic role in outcomes deterioration. Insights into mechanisms inducing the fall in BL count could improve the understanding of COPD pathogenesis and point toward new therapeutic measures.

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Does Hospitalization Predict the Disease Course in Ulcerative Colitis? Prevalence and Predictors of Hospitalization and Re- Hospitalization in Ulcerative Colitis in a Population-based Inception Cohort (2000-2012)

Journal of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases ◽

10.15403/jgld.2014.1121.243.pag ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 24 (3) ◽

pp. 287-292 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Petra A. Golovics ◽

Laszlo Lakatos ◽

Michael D. Mandel ◽

Barbara D. Lovasz ◽

Zsuzsanna Vegh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ulcerative Colitis ◽

Cox Regression ◽

Diagnostic Procedures ◽

Population Based ◽

Disease Course ◽

Inception Cohort ◽

Disease Extent ◽

Cox Regression Analysis ◽

Hospitalization Rates

Background & Aims: Limited data are available on the hospitalization rates in population-based studies. Since this is a very important outcome measure, the aim of this study was to analyze prospectively if early hospitalization is associated with the later disease course as well as to determine the prevalence and predictors of hospitalization and re-hospitalization in the population-based ulcerative colitis (UC) inception cohort in the Veszprem province database between 2000 and 2012. Methods: Data of 347 incident UC patients diagnosed between January 1, 2000 and December 31, 2010 were analyzed (M/F: 200/147, median age at diagnosis: 36, IQR: 26-50 years, follow-up duration: 7, IQR 4-10 years). Both in- and outpatient records were collected and comprehensively reviewed. Results: Probabilities of first UC-related hospitalization were 28.6%, 53.7% and 66.2% and of first re-hospitalization were 23.7%, 55.8% and 74.6% after 1-, 5- and 10- years of follow-up, respectively. Main UC-related causes for first hospitalization were diagnostic procedures (26.7%), disease activity (22.4%) or UC-related surgery (4.8%), but a significant percentage was unrelated to IBD (44.8%). In Kaplan-Meier and Cox-regression analysis disease extent at diagnosis (HR extensive: 1.79, p=0.02) or at last follow-up (HR: 1.56, p=0.001), need for steroids (HR: 1.98, p<0.001), azathioprine (HR: 1.55, p=0.038) and anti-TNF (HR: 2.28, p<0.001) were associated with the risk of UC-related hospitalization. Early hospitalization was not associated with a specific disease phenotype or outcome; however, 46.2% of all colectomies were performed in the year of diagnosis. Conclusion: Hospitalization and re-hospitalization rates were relatively high in this population-based UC cohort. Early hospitalization was not predictive for the later disease course.

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Red Blood Cell Indices in Relation to Post-stroke Psychiatric Disorders: A Longitudinal Study in a Follow-up Stroke Clinic

Current Neurovascular Research ◽

10.2174/1567202617666200423090958 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (3) ◽

pp. 218-223

Author(s):

Haichao Wang ◽

Li Gong ◽

Xiaomei Xia ◽

Qiong Dong ◽

Aiping Jin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Regression Analysis ◽

Ischemic Stroke ◽

Blood Cell ◽

Cox Regression ◽

Depression And Anxiety ◽

Cox Regression Analysis ◽

Post Stroke ◽

Rbc Indices ◽

Post Stroke Depression

Background: Depression and anxiety after stroke are common conditions that are likely to be neglected. Abnormal red blood cell (RBC) indices may be associated with neuropsychiatric disorders. However, the association of RBC indices with post-stroke depression (PSD) and poststroke anxiety (PSA) has not been sufficiently investigated. Methods: We aimed to investigate the trajectory of post-stroke depression and anxiety in our follow- up stroke clinic at 1, 3, and 6 months, and the association of RBC indices with these. One hundred and sixty-two patients with a new diagnosis of ischemic stroke were followed up at 1, 3, and 6 months, and underwent Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and the general anxiety disorder 7-item (GAD-7) questionnaire for evaluation of depression and anxiety, respectively. First, we used Kaplan-Meier analysis to investigate the accumulated incidences of post-stroke depression and post-stroke anxiety. Next, to explore the association of RBC indices with psychiatric disorders after an ischemic stroke attack, we adjusted for demographic and vascular risk factors using multivariate Cox regression analysis. Results: Of the 162 patients with new-onset of ischemic stroke, we found the accumulated incidence rates of PSD (1.2%, 17.9%, and 35.8%) and PSA (1.2%, 13.6%, and 15.4%) at 1, 3, and 6 months, respectively. The incident PSD and PSA increased 3 months after a stroke attack. Multivariate Cox regression analysis indicated independent positive associations between PSD risk and higher mean corpuscular volume (MCV) (OR=1.42, 95% CI=1.16-1.76), older age (OR=2.63, 95% CI=1.16-5.93), and a negative relationship between male sex (OR=0.95, 95% CI=0.91-0.99) and PSA. Conclusion: The risks of PSD and PSA increased substantially 3 months beyond stroke onset. Of the RBC indices, higher MCV, showed an independent positive association with PSD.

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P-Cresyl Sulfate Is a Valuable Predictor of Clinical Outcomes in Pre-ESRD Patients

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2014/526932 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Cheng-Jui Lin ◽

Chi-Feng Pan ◽

Chih-Kuang Chuang ◽

Fang-Ju Sun ◽

Duen-Jen Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Clinical Outcomes ◽

Cardiovascular Event ◽

Cox Regression ◽

Medical Center ◽

Serum Biochemistry ◽

Cox Regression Analysis ◽

Kaplan Meier ◽

Valuable Marker ◽

Valuable Predictor

Background/Aims. Previous studies have reported p-cresyl sulfate (PCS) was related to endothelial dysfunction and adverse clinical effect. We investigate the adverse effects of PCS on clinical outcomes in a chronic kidney disease (CKD) cohort study.Methods. 72 predialysis patients were enrolled from a single medical center. Serum biochemistry data and PCS were measured. The clinical outcomes including cardiovascular event, all-cause mortality, and dialysis event were recorded during a 3-year follow-up.Results. After adjusting other independent variables, multivariate Cox regression analysis showed age (HR: 1.12,P=0.01), cardiovascular disease history (HR: 6.28,P=0.02), and PCS (HR: 1.12,P=0.02) were independently associated with cardiovascular event; age (HR: 0.91,P<0.01), serum albumin (HR: 0.03,P<0.01), and PCS level (HR: 1.17,P<0.01) reached significant correlation with dialysis event. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that patients with higher serum p-cresyl sulfate (>6 mg/L) were significantly associated with cardiovascular and dialysis event (log rankP=0.03, log rankP<0.01, resp.).Conclusion. Our study shows serum PCS could be a valuable marker in predicting cardiovascular event and renal function progression in CKD patients without dialysis.

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Predicting long-term cardiovascular outcomes of patients with acute myocardial infarction using soluble ST2

Hormone Molecular Biology and Clinical Investigation ◽

10.1515/hmbci-2019-0062 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

Author(s):

Mustafa Umut Somuncu ◽

Belma Kalayci ◽

Ahmet Avci ◽

Tunahan Akgun ◽

Huseyin Karakurt ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Myocardial Infarction ◽

Heart Failure ◽

Cox Regression ◽

High Serum ◽

Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events ◽

Lower Systolic Blood Pressure ◽

Cox Regression Analysis ◽

Killip Class ◽

Target Vessel Revascularization

AbstractBackgroundThe increase in soluble suppression of tumorigenicity 2 (sST2) both in the diagnosis and prognosis of heart failure is well established; however, existing data regarding sST2 values as the prognostic marker after myocardial infarction (MI) are limited and have been conflicting. This study aimed to assess the clinical significance of sST2 in predicting 1-year adverse cardiovascular (CV) events in MI patients.Materials and methodsIn this prospective study, 380 MI patients were included. Participants were grouped into low sST2 (n = 264, mean age: 60.0 ± 12.1 years) and high sST2 groups (n = 116, mean age: 60.5 ± 11.6 years), and all study populations were followed up for major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) which are composed of CV mortality, target vessel revascularization (TVR), non-fatal reinfarction, stroke and heart failure.ResultsDuring a 12-month follow-up, 68 (17.8%) patients had MACE. CV mortality and heart failure were significantly higher in the high sST2 group compared to the low sST2 group (15.5% vs. 4.9%, p = 0.001 and 8.6% vs. 3.4% p = 0.032, respectively). Multivariate Cox regression analysis concluded that high serum sST2 independently predicted 1-year CV mortality [hazard ratio (HR) 2.263, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.124–4.557, p = 0.022)]. Besides, older age, Killip class >1, left anterior descending (LAD) as the culprit artery and lower systolic blood pressure were the other independent risk factors for 1-year CV mortality.ConclusionsHigh sST2 levels are an important predictor of MACE, including CV mortality and heart failure in a 1-year follow-up period in MI patients.

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