scholarly journals Are women more generous than men? A meta-analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Bilén ◽  
Anna Dreber ◽  
Magnus Johannesson
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Difference ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Dictator Game ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Raw Data ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
The Past ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Unique Individual

AbstractWe perform a meta analysis of gender differences in the standard windfall gains dictator game (DG) by collecting raw data from 53 studies with 117 conditions, giving us 15,016 unique individual observations. We find that women on average give 4 percentage points more than men (Cohen’s $$d=0.16$$ d = 0.16 ), and that this difference decreases to $$3.1\%$$ 3.1 % points (Cohen’s $$d=0.13$$ d = 0.13 ) if we exclude studies where dictators can only give all or nothing. The gender difference is larger if the recipient in the DG is a charity, compared to the standard DG with an anonymous individual as the recipient (a 10.9 versus a $$2.3\%$$ 2.3 % points gender difference). These effect sizes imply that many individual studies on gender differences are underpowered; the median power in our sample of standard DG studies is only $$9\%$$ 9 % to detect the meta-analytic gender difference at the $$5\%$$ 5 % significance level. Moving forward on this topic, sample sizes should thus be substantially larger than what has been the norm in the past.

Gender differences in inhibitory control as assessed on simple delay tasks in early childhood: A meta-analysis

2021 ◽  
pp. 016502542110203
Author(s):  
Irwin W. Silverman
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Difference ◽  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Parental Socialization ◽  
Female Advantage ◽  
Selection Processes ◽  
Socialization Processes ◽  
The Individual

Bjorklund and Kipp (1996) hypothesized that due to selection processes operative during human evolution, females have an inborn advantage over males in the ability to suppress inappropriate responses on tasks in the behavioral and social domains. To test this hypothesis, a meta-analysis was conducted on gender differences on simple delay tasks in which the participant is required to wait for a “go” signal before making an approach response to an enticing stimulus. The meta-analysis was performed on 113 effect sizes derived from 102 studies of 21,378 children who ranged in age from 1 year to 9 years and who lived in at least 15 countries. As hypothesized, girls exceeded boys in delay ability, with the gender differences being small in magnitude (Hedges’ g = .25–.26). The female advantage in delay ability held for both U.S. and non-U.S. samples of children. Further analyses found that girls outperformed boys on each of four simple delay tasks. Although the magnitude of the gender difference on the individual simple delay tasks did not differ as a function of age, the age ranges covered were narrow. Discussion focuses on two issues: (a) whether gender differences in delay ability can be explained by a factor other than inhibitory control and (b) whether parental socialization processes can explain the gender differences in delay ability. The evidence reviewed does not provide substantial support for either of these possibilities.

scholarly journals Does Neonatal Imitation Exist? Insights From a Meta-Analysis of 336 Effect Sizes

2021 ◽  
pp. 174569162095983
Author(s):  
Jacqueline Davis ◽  
Jonathan Redshaw ◽  
Thomas Suddendorf ◽  
Mark Nielsen ◽  
Siobhan Kennedy-Costantini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Behavior ◽  
Positive Result ◽  
Human Development ◽  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Significant Evidence ◽  
The Past ◽  
Substantial Heterogeneity

Neonatal imitation is a cornerstone in many theoretical accounts of human development and social behavior, yet its existence has been debated for the past 40 years. To examine possible explanations for the inconsistent findings in this body of research, we conducted a multilevel meta-analysis synthesizing 336 effect sizes from 33 independent samples of human newborns, reported in 26 articles. The meta-analysis found significant evidence for neonatal imitation ( d = 0.68, 95% CI = [0.39, 0.96], p < .001) but substantial heterogeneity between study estimates. This heterogeneity was not explained by any of 13 methodological moderators identified by previous reviews, but it was associated with researcher affiliation, test of moderators ( QM) (15) = 57.09, p < .001. There are at least two possible explanations for these results: (a) Neonatal imitation exists and its detection varies as a function of uncaptured methodological factors common to a limited set of studies, and (2) neonatal imitation does not exist and the overall positive result is an artifact of high researcher degrees of freedom.

scholarly journals Gender differences in computer-related achievement, anxiety and attitude: A meta-analysis in Turkey sample

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 02 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esad Esgin ◽  
Mehmet Elibol ◽  
Muhammed Daglı
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Computer Anxiety ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Random Effects Model ◽  
English Studies ◽  
Size Standard ◽  
Related Attitude ◽  
Anxiety Levels ◽  
Achievement Anxiety

The aim of this study is to analyze the gender differences on computer-related achievement, anxiety and attitude in Turkey sample. With an aim to combine the results obtained from the independent studies conducted on computer achievement, computer anxiety and computer-related attitude; three different meta-analysis studies were conducted. Various criteria were used in order to determine which studies were going to be included in meta-analysis. Within this context, both Turkish and English studies conducted during 2000-2014 were analyzed; 16 studies on achievement, 17 studies on anxiety and 30 studies on attitude from Turkey sample containing sample size, standard deviation and average values were included in the research. The studies containing the relevant data were analyzed with random effects model. As result of the study, effect size of gender differences for computer achievement, computer anxiety and computer-related attitude were found as 0.012, 0.237 and 0.114 respectively. The values obtained were evaluated according to the classification made by Thalheimer and Cook [30], it was detected that effect sizes regarding gender differences for computer achievement and computer-related attitude were negligible but effect sizes regarding gender differences for computer anxiety were small in favor of male individuals. Consequently, it was determined that there was no difference in computer achievement and computer-related attitude of male and female individuals and the anxiety levels of females are higher than the anxiety levels of males. Keywords: computer achievement, computer anxiety, computer-related attitude, gender differences, meta-analysis

Gender Differences in Body Image Are Increasing

1998 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 190-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Feingold ◽  
Ronald Mazzella
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Body Image ◽  
Body Dissatisfaction ◽  
Physical Attractiveness ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
The Past ◽  
Poor Body Image

It has been speculated that the prevalence of eating disorders in women has risen because of increases in women's body dissatisfaction. We conducted a meta-analysis of gender differences in attractiveness and body image using 222 studies from the past 50 years. The analysis shows dramatic increases in the numbers of women among individuals who have poor body image. Moreover, these trends were found across multiple conceptualizations of body image, including self-judgments of physical attractiveness.

scholarly journals Still cooling after all these years: Meta-analysis of pre-clinical trials of therapeutic hypothermia for acute ischemic stroke

2016 ◽  
Vol 36 (7) ◽  
pp. 1157-1164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oana M Dumitrascu ◽  
Jessica Lamb ◽  
Patrick D Lyden
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Therapeutic Hypothermia ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Considerable Improvement ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Preclinical Studies ◽  
The Past ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Experimental Cerebral Ischemia

Therapeutic hypothermia is the most potent neuroprotectant for experimental cerebral ischemia, illustrated in a 2007 meta-analysis published in this journal. To address recent therapeutic nihilism, we systematically reviewed recent experimental literature. Quality scoring showed considerable improvement in study design. Using several outcome measures in a variety of models and species, therapeutic hypothermia was protective compared with normothermia, with powerful and statistically significant normalized treatment effect sizes, in 60 papers comprising 216 comparisons. In the past 5 years, preclinical studies of ischemic stroke re-emphasize that therapeutic hypothermia is potently effective, justifying further development in larger human clinical trials.

Gender differences in giving and the anticipation regarding giving in dictator games*

2020 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 772-779
Author(s):  
Subhasish M Chowdhury ◽  
Philip J Grossman ◽  
Joo Young Jeon
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Difference ◽  
Dictator Game ◽  
Dictator Games ◽  
Social Type ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Positive Effect

Abstract Research on altruistic behaviour and associated anticipatory beliefs, as well as related gender differences, is limited. Using data from Chowdhury and Jeon, who vary a common show-up fee and incentivize recipients to anticipate the amount given in a dictator game, we find that the show-up fee has a positive effect on dictator-giving for both genders. While female dictators are more generous than males, male recipients anticipate higher amounts than the amount male dictators give. As the show-up fee increases, the female dictators become a more generous social type, whereas males do not show this effect. There is no gender difference in anticipation about dictator social type by the recipients.

Can Telepsychiatry Replace In-Person Psychiatric Assessments? A Review and Meta-Analysis of Comparison Studies

CNS Spectrums ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 403-415 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven E. Hyler ◽  
Dinu P. Gangure ◽  
Sarai T. Batchelder
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Objective Assessment ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Standardized Assessment ◽  
Assessment Instruments ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
The Past ◽  
Detailed Observation ◽  
High Bandwidth ◽  
Significant Moderator

AbstractObjective: The authors conducted a review and meta-analysis of the literature comparing telepsychiatry with “in-person” psychiatric assessments.Method: Approximately 380 studies on telepsychiatry published between 1956 and 2002 were identified using MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and cross-referenced bibliographies. Of these, 14 studies with an N>10 compared telepsychiatry with in-person psychiatry (I-P) using objective assessment instruments or satisfaction instruments. Three of these studies compared high bandwidth (HB) with low bandwidth (LB) telepsychiatry.Results: Fourteen studies of 500 patients met inclusion criteria and were included in the meta-analysis. Telepsychiatry was found to be similar to I-P for the studies using objective assessments. Effect sizes were on average quite small, suggesting no difference between telepsychiatry and I-P. Bandwidth was found to be a significant moderator. Three moderators were tested, effect sizes remained largely heterogeneous, and further analyses are needed to determine the direction of effect. There was no difference between I-P and telepsychiatry between the HB and LB groups, although there are anecdotal data suggesting that H B was slightly superior for assessments requiring detailed observation of subjects.Conclusion: Out of a large telepsychiatry literature published over the past 40+ years, only a handful of studies have attempted to compare telepsychiatry with I-P directly using standardized assessment instruments that permit meaningful comparisons. However, in those studies, the current meta-analysis concludes there is no difference in accuracy or satisfaction between the two modalities. Over the next few years, we expect telepsychiatry to replace I-P in certain research and clinical situations.

scholarly journals The future is present in the past: A meta-analysis on the longitudinal associations of parent-adolescent relationships with peer and romantic relationships

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanne Schulz ◽  
Stefanie Nelemans ◽  
Hana Hadiwijaya ◽  
Theo Klimstra ◽  
Elisabetta Crocetti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation Modeling ◽  
Romantic Relationships ◽  
Peer Relationships ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Adolescent Relationships ◽  
The Past ◽  
Longitudinal Associations

Positive peer and romantic relationships are crucial for adolescents’ positive adjustment and relationships with parents lay the foundation for these relationships. This longitudinal meta-analysis examined how supportive and negative parent-adolescent relationships continue into later peer and romantic relationships. Multilevel meta-regressions based on 81 longitudinal studies (559 effect sizes, including 49,769 participants) indicated that supportive and negative parent-adolescent relationships were associated with supportive and negative future peer and romantic relationships. Meta-analytic structural equation modeling based on 48 studies (48 effect sizes, including 14,969 participants) indicated that supportive parent-adolescent relationships unidirectionally predicted supportive and negative future peer relationships, while negative parent-adolescent relationships were bidirectionally associated with supportive and negative peer relationships. Our findings highlight the importance of relationships with parents beyond childhood.

Is There a Gender Difference in Cyber-Victimization?

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 125-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaojing Sun ◽  
Xitao Fan
Keyword(s):  
Gender Difference ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cyber Victimization ◽  
Quantitative Synthesis ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract. The study provides a quantitative synthesis of the literature on gender difference in cyber-victimization (CV). A total of 40 usable research articles were identified and used in this meta-analysis. With some articles having multiple effect sizes, a total of 150 effect sizes for gender difference in CV were obtained. Results indicated a small gender difference, with females experiencing slightly more CV than their male counterparts. However, there were considerable inconsistencies across the studies. Follow-up analyses on the study features revealed that several factors, such as response time frame and region of sampling, significantly moderated the relationship between gender and CV. Exploratory in nature, this study discusses the implications of the findings in reference to existing theories, and suggests future research directions.

scholarly journals Gender Differences in Loneliness across the Lifespan: A Meta–Analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 642-654 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marlies Maes ◽  
Pamela Qualter ◽  
Janne Vanhalst ◽  
Wim Van den Noortgate ◽  
Luc Goossens
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Sampling Area ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Meta Analyses

Different theoretical contentions on gender differences in loneliness exist, often including the emergence of gender differences in particular developmental periods. To explain those ideas, the current meta–analysis synthesizes the available evidence on gender differences in loneliness across the lifespan. Three–level meta–analyses were conducted with 751 effect sizes, covering 399,798 individuals (45.56% males). Results showed a close–to–zero overall effect ( g = 0.07). Most examined moderators were non–significant, except for age, the scope of the sampling area, and year of publication. Most importantly, all effects were small, suggesting that across the lifespan mean levels of loneliness are similar for males and females.

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