The Pragmatic Functions of I think in Different Genres

The present paper aims to examine the occurrence of I think in different genres. A collected data of I think from graduate student research interview and objectivism group study within Michigan Corpus of Academic Spoken English (MICASE) is analyzed. Both quantitative and qualitative analyses are included and the selection tool Antconc 3.4.4 are adopted in the study. By using concordance, all the context including I think are collected. Meanwhile, some phrases (such as I think so, what I think, I think of, etc.) are deleted from the analysis. It is found that I think in different positions and with different collocations fulfill different pragmatic functions respectively. The phrase I think is very frequent in GSRI and OSG, which is due to the nature of the discourse, where the participants are engaged in the communication. From the perspective of syntax and collocation, a lot of examples are analyzed in details. It is found that the interpretation of I think cannot be reached without exploring its linguistic context. In addition, a more detailed observation of linguistic context of I think in OSG and GSRI is explored. Some epistemic certainty (certainly, really, etc.) are included in research interview, with the function of emphasis and deliberation. The study might help to reconsider the functions of I think in different genres.

Pahari Distinctiveness without Pahari Language: A Study of Language Attitudes of the Pahari Community

Pahari language spoken in Murree and its suburbs is in contact with Urdu, the national language of Pakistan. It is also in contact with Punjabi and English. The present study explores the views and attitudes of the Pahari speaking community regarding the Pahari identity and culture vis-à-vis languages like Pahari, Punjabi, Urdu, and English. The study is ethnographic and is based on detailed observation and in-depth interviews of a sample of 91 people belonging to three generations. The study concludes that Pahari speaking community especially the Abbasi tribe, on the whole, claims to protect their culture and identity but gradually each new generation is hesitant in continuing Pahari as the symbol of their identity. As a result, language is, to a great extent, shifting towards Urdu. On a minor level, its shift to English and Punjabi cannot be ignored. The paper also explores certain reasons latent behind this kind of attitude.

THE SUROAN TRADITION OF THE JAVANESE MIGRANT COMMUNITY: A CASE OF HESSA PERLOMPONGAN VILLAGEAIR BATU DISTRICT ASAHAN REGENCY

This study aims to determine and analyze: 1) The implementation of the Suroan Tradition of the Javanese Migrant Community in HessaPerlompongan Village, Dusun IV, 2) The Meaning of Suroan of the Javanese Migrants in HessaPerlompongan Village, Dusun IV. This study applied a qualitative method, where the research was carried out on the Javanese Migrant Community in HessaPerlompongan Village, Dusun IV, AirBatu District Asahan Regency. The data validity was guaranteed by detailed observation and data triangulation. The results show that: 1). The Javanese migrant community in hamlet IV HessaPerlompongan did not abandon the Javanese tradition that was brought by their ancestors 2). The implementation of the Suroan in Hamlet IV HessaPerlompongan usually coincides with the 1st of Suromonth, marked by two series of activities: Genduri and The Kuda Lumping Show (JarangKepang) 3). The Javanese migrants in hamlet IV interpret one Suro night or throughout the Suro month as well as: a month that is required to be eling (remember) and alert, interpreting the Suro month as a month full of calamities so that in this month the Javanese people are not allowed to build houses, hold for events such as weddings, circumcision parties, and others. Javanese people in hamlet IV interpret the Suro month as a form of respect for their previous ancestors' spirits and as a month full of fear and, like spirits, continue to appear. In this case, the Javanese Migrant Community in HessaPerlompongan Village, Dusun IV, Air Batu District, Asahan Regency should continue to preserve the customs, habits, and traditions of their ancestors and pass them on to future generations (children and grandchildren) so that these traditions do not become extinct and remain sustainable.Keyword: Community, Javanese Migrants, tradition, Suroan

Generating biomembrane-like local curvature in polymersomes via dynamic polymer insertion

Biomembrane curvature formation has long been observed to be essential in the change of membrane morphology and intracellular processes. The significant importance of curvature formation has attracted scientists from different backgrounds to study it. Although magnificent progress has been achieved using liposome models, the instability of these models restrict further exploration. Here, we report a new approach to mimic biomembrane curvature formation using polymersomes as a model, and poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) to induce the local curvature based on its co-nonsolvency phenomenon. Curvatures form when poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) becomes hydrophobic and inserts into the membrane through solvent addition. The insertion area can be fine-tuned by adjusting the poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) concentration, accompanied by the formation of new polymersome-based non-axisymmetric shapes. Moreover, a systematic view of curvature formation is provided through investigation of the segregation, local distribution and dissociation of inserted poly(N-isopropylacrylamide). This strategy successfully mimicks biomembrane curvature formation in polymersomes and a detailed observation of the insertion can be beneficial for a further understanding of the curvature formation process. Furthermore, polymer insertion induced shape changing could open up new routes for the design of non-axisymmetric nanocarriers and nanomachines to enrich the boundless possibilities of nanotechnology.

MODERN SPACE RADAR SYSTEMS OF EARTH MONITORING

This article explores brief overview of modern radar systems for imaging and monitoring the Earth from space. The operating radar systems are divided into four classes: large spacecraft with global monitoring SAR, medium-sized spacecraft with detailed observation SAR, small spacecraft with detailed observation SAR, and commercial mini-spacecraft with detailed observation SAR. Listed are the main representatives of each class. Such large satellites as: European – Sentinel-1 (A, B); Japanese – ALOS-2; Canadian company MDA – Radarsat-2; Argentine – SAOCOM-1A / 1B; Chinese – Gaofen-3. Representatives of the class of mid-size spacecraft with SAR: German Aerospace Center (DLR) and the leading European space company Airbus DS – TerraSAR-X, TanDEM-X; Spanish PAZ; the Italian constellation of Cosmo-SkyMed satellites of the first and second generation; Japanese group IGS-Radar; Korean – KOMPSAT-5; Russian satellites “Kondor”. The small class includes Israeli mission satellites – TecSAR, RISAT-2 (India), Ofeq-10; Japanese – ASNARO-2, German satellites SAR-Lupe, English – NovaSAR-1. The last class of mini-spacecraft includes American - Capella and Finnish – ICEYE. The article also presents spacecraft for radar imaging, planned for launch, namely: the second generation of Italian satellites COSMO-SkyMed – CSG-2; 8 ICEYE spacecrafts (Finland); an increase in the Capella constellation, X-band radar satellites of the SuperView constellation and radar satellites Zhuhai (China); ALOS-4 JAXA (Japan); KOMPSAT-6 (Korea), radar satellites of the IRS constellation (India), American satellites XpressSAR, PredaSAR, EOS SAR, satellites of the Russian design Obzor-R1 and KondorFKA, as well as the space complex planned by ROSKOSMOS, including an orbital constellation of 6 small spacecraft for radar surveillance.

Struktur und Exegese. Über Eigentümlichkeiten in der Arie »Des Vaters Stimme ließ sich hören« (BWV 7/4)

This study deals with a characteristic of the tenor aria “Des Vaters Stimme ließ sich hören” (BWV 7/4). Why does Bach use two imitating violins? So far unconsidered exegetical and hymnological sources can give a plausible answer to that question. Based on a detailed observation of these sources, the study aims to encourage us to think again about the various hermeneutical approaches to Bach’s sacred vocal music and how Bach can be located in the field of tension between individuality and ‘Zeitgeist’.

The New Worries about Science

Science is based on facts—facts that are systematically gathered by a community of enquirers through detailed observation and experiment. In the twentieth century, however, philosophers of science claimed that the facts that scientists “gather” in this way are shaped by the theories scientists accept, and this seemed to threaten the authority of science. Call this the old worries about science. By contrast, what seemed not to threaten that authority were other factors that shaped the facts that scientists gather—for example, the mere questions scientists pursue. Call this the old nonworries about science. What I suggest is that the old nonworries are turning out to be far more worrisome than the old worries, and I use recent goings-on such as the “Death of Evidence” protests in Canada, the “replication crisis,” and the ongoing feminist critiques of science to illustrate my case. All this raises interesting new questions for philosophers of science to tackle.

PENERJEMAHAN KETERAMPILAN BERBAHASA YANG BERHUBUNGAN DENGAN PROSES PENGEMBANGAN BAHASA SEBUAH TAWARAN KEWIRAUSAHAAN DALAM KEGIATAN BERBAHASA

This journal contains argumentation of researcher’s idea on language skill which not only have an influence to language development but also entrepreneur’s activity which can be executed by any person who wants to be a translator. Considering that translation is a language activity having opportunity to produce income for translator. Researcher intensively executes the research towards translation process with literature review and data analysis to gain validated data that can be accounted for because it is done in accordance with carefull and detailed observation. Researcher used descriptive methodology. In implementation, researcher used literature review for the data used resourcing from literature data, then the data analysis of this journal is qualitative analysis that is analysis of contain to data. Therefore the data was analyzed based on the level of its linkage to the problem. As for the discussion of this journal contains exposure on basis of researcher’s understanding to some theories which researcher is as actor of language and entrepreneur in the field of language. In the discussion, researcher explained what needed skills are by a translator, how the relationship between translation and language development, then how big the ability of translation can be used as one of language activities which can produce income through the language activity. Therefore in the end of discussion shall be delivered all goals of this journal. Next, in conclusion and suggestion part, researcher would deliver the observation and discussion, then followed by suggestion in line with the conlucion

Two new species of Allocheilos (Gesneriaceae) from the karst regions in Yunnan, China

Allocheilos W.T.Wang in Gesneriaceae was described in 1983 and is characterized by its 4-lobed adaxial lip and undivided abaxial lip with acute apex. The genus is endemic to the karst regions in southwestern China and is classified as endangered due to habitat loss. During surveys of the karst areas in Yunnan of southwestern China in 2017, we collected two unknown species of the genus and later confirmed their novelty to science based on the detailed observation of their morphological characteristics, viz. A. maguanensis W.H.Chen & Y.M.Shui and A. rubroglandulosus W.H.Chen & Y.M.Shui. Their relationships with the similar species and provisional conservation status are discussed.