Current experimental developments in 48 V-based CI-driven SUVs in response to expected future EU7 legislation

AbstractIn this paper, we describe experimental developments in an Exhaust Aftertreatment System (EAS) used in a four-cylinder Compression Ignition (CI) engine. To meet the carbon dioxide (CO$$_\mathrm {2}$$ 2 ) fleet limit values and to demonstrate a clean emission concept, the CI engine needs to be further developed in a hybridized, modern form before it can be included in the future fleet. In this work, the existing EAS was replaced by an Electrically Heated Catalyst (EHC) and a Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) double-dosing system. We focused specifically on calibrating the heating modes in tandem with the electric exhaust heating, which enabled us to develop an ultra-fast light-off concept. The paper first outlines the development steps, which were subsequently validated using the Worldwide harmonized Light-duty vehicles Test Cycle (WLTC). Then, based on the defined calibration, a sensitivity analysis was conducted by performing various dynamic driving cycles. In particular, we identified emission species that may be limited in the future, such as laughing gas (N$$_\mathrm {2}$$ 2 O), ammonia (NH$$_\mathrm {3}$$ 3 ), or formaldehyde (HCHO), and examined the effects of a general, additional decrease in the limit values, which may occur in the near future. This advanced emission concept can be applied when considering overall internal engine and external exhaust system measures. In our study, we demonstrate impressively low tailpipe (TP) emissions, but also clarify the system limits and the necessary framework conditions that ensure the applicability of this drivetrain concept in this sector.

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Ammonia CI engine aftertreatment systems design and flow simulation

Combustion Engines ◽

10.19206/ce-143158 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Kacper Kuta ◽

Ebrahim Nadimi ◽

Grzegorz Przybyła ◽

Zbigniew Żmudka ◽

Wojciech Adamczyk

Keyword(s):

Catalytic Reduction ◽

Flow Behavior ◽

Flow Simulation ◽

Systems Design ◽

Exhaust System ◽

Ansys Fluent ◽

Exhaust Gases ◽

Basic Parameters ◽

Porous Volume ◽

Ci Engine

Investigation of exhaust emissions and ammonia flow behavior in the exhaust system incorporating with Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) unit is discussed. An aftertreatment system is designed to work without additional urea injection to improve feasible temperature of operating and reduce size. This study is focused on obtaining optimal parameters for catalysis using gaseus ammonia as reducing agent. Its effectiveness is considered as a function of basic parameters of exhaust gases mixture and SCR material characteristics. A 3D geometry of SCR with porous volume has been simulated using Ansys Fluent. Moreover, a 1D model of ammonia dual-fuel CI engine has been obtained. Results were focused on obtaining local temperature, velocity, and exhaust gases composition to predict optimal probes placement, pipes insulation parameters, and characteristic dimensions.

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Effect of Butanol on the Performance of DeNOx Aftertreatment Systems of a Diesel Vehicle Under WLTC Driving Conditions

10.1115/icef2021-67337 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Alejandro Calle-Asensio ◽

Juan José Hernández ◽

José Rodríguez-Fernández ◽

Víctor Domínguez-Pérez

Keyword(s):

Catalytic Reduction ◽

Nox Reduction ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Transport Sector ◽

Lean Nox Trap ◽

Diesel Vehicles ◽

Medium Speed ◽

Emission Regulations ◽

Lean Nox ◽

Light Duty Vehicles

Abstract Advanced biofuels and electrofuels, among which are medium-long chain alcohols, have gained importance in the transport sector with the enforcement of the EU Renewable Energy Directive (2018/2001). In parallel, last European emission regulations have become much more restrictive regarding NOx, so vehicle manufacturers have been forced to incorporate lean NOx trap (LNT) and/or selective catalytic reduction (SCR). Thus, the combination of modern DeNOx devices and the upcoming higher contribution of sustainable biofuels is a new challenge. In this work, two Euro 6 diesel vehicles, one equipped with LNT and the other with ammonia-SCR, have been tested following the Worldwide harmonized Light-duty vehicles Test Cycle (WLTC) at warm (24°C) and cold (−7°C) conditions using conventional diesel fuel and a diesel-butanol (90/10% vol.) blend. While the effect of butanol on the LNT efficiency was not significant, its influence on the SCR performance was notable during the low and medium-speed phases of the driving cycle, mainly under warm climatic conditions. Despite of the lower NOx concentration at the catalyst inlet, the worst efficiency of the SCR with butanol could be attributed to hydrocarbons deposition on the catalyst surface, which inhibits the NOx reduction reactions with ammonia. Moreover, the LNT was not sensitive to the ambient temperature while the SCR performance greatly depended on this parameter.

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Fuel Use and CO2 Emissions Under Uncertainty From Light-Duty Vehicles in the U.S. to 2050

ASME 2011 5th International Conference on Energy Sustainability, Parts A, B, and C ◽

10.1115/es2011-54306 ◽

2011 ◽

Author(s):

Parisa Bastani ◽

John B. Heywood ◽

Chris Hope

Keyword(s):

Co2 Emissions ◽

Alternative Fuels ◽

Fuel Use ◽

Policy Makers ◽

Light Duty ◽

Co2 Equivalent ◽

The Future ◽

Light Duty Vehicles ◽

The Impact ◽

The U.S

On-road transportation contributes 22% of the total CO2 emissions and more than 44% of oil consumption in the U.S. Technological advancements and use of alternative fuels are often suggested as ways to reduce these emissions. However, many parameters and relationships that determine the future characteristics of the light-duty vehicle fleet and how they change over time are inherently uncertain. Policy makers need to make decisions today given these uncertainties, to shape the future of light-duty vehicles. Decision makers thus need to know the impact of uncertainties on the outcome of their decisions and the associated risks. This paper explores a carefully constructed detailed pathway that results in a significant reduction in fuel use and GHG emissions in 2050. Inputs are assigned realistic uncertainty bounds, and the impact of uncertainty on this pathway is analyzed. A novel probabilistic fleet model is used here to quantify the uncertainties within advanced vehicle technology development, and life-cycle emissions of alternative fuels and renewable sources. Based on the results from this study, the expected fuel use is about 500 and 350 billion litres gasoline equivalent, with a standard deviation of about 40 and 80 billion litres in years 2030 and 2050 respectively. The expected CO2 emissions are about 1,360 and 840 Mt CO2 equivalent with a spread of about 130 and 260 Mt CO2 equivalent in 2030 and 2050 respectively. Major contributing factors in determining the future fuel consumption and emissions are also identified and include vehicle scrappage rate, annual growth of vehicle kilometres travelled in the near term, total vehicle sales, fuel consumption of naturally-aspirated engines, and percentage of gasoline displaced by cellulosic ethanol. This type of analysis allows policy makers to better understand the impact of their decisions and proposed policies given the technological and market uncertainties that we face today.

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Effect of Cobalt Chromite on the Investigation of Traditional CI Engine Powered with Raw Citronella Fuel for the Future Sustainable Renewable Source

10.4271/2020-28-0445 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

R. Krishnamoorthy ◽

Asaithambi K ◽

Dhinesh Balasubramanian ◽

Parthasarathy Murugesan ◽

Amudhan Rajarajan

Keyword(s):

Renewable Source ◽

The Future ◽

Ci Engine

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Ultra Low Emissions Combustion and Control Systems: Installation Into Mature Power Plant Gas Turbines

Volume 1: Aircraft Engine; Ceramics; Coal, Biomass and Alternative Fuels; Education; Electric Power; Manufacturing Materials and Metallurgy ◽

10.1115/gt2010-22261 ◽

2010 ◽

Author(s):

Jeffrey A. Benoit ◽

Charles Ellis ◽

Joseph Cook

Keyword(s):

Power Plant ◽

Gas Turbine ◽

Gas Turbines ◽

Life Cycle Cost ◽

Catalytic Reduction ◽

Exhaust System ◽

Combined Cycle ◽

Combustion Systems ◽

Regulatory Mandates ◽

Technical Discussion

The search for power plant sustainability options continues as regulating agencies exert more stringent industrial gas turbine emission requirements on operators. Purchasing power for resale, de-comissioning current capabilities altogether and repowering by replacing or converting existing equipment to comply with emissions standards are economic-driven options contemplated by many mature gas turbine operators. One Las Vegas Nevada, USA operator, NV Energy, with four (4) natural gas fired W501B6 Combined Cycle units at their Edward W. Clark Generating Station, was in this situation in 2006. The units, originally configured with diffusion flame combustion systems, were permitted at 103 ppm NOx with regulatory mandates to significantly reduce NOx emissions to below 5ppm by the end of 2009. Studies were conducted by the operator to evaluate the economic viability of using a Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) system, which would have forced significant modifications to the exhaust system and heat recovery steam generator (HRSG), or convert the turbines to operate with dry low-emissions combustion systems. Based on life cycle cost and installation complexity, the ultra-low emission combustion system was selected. This technical paper focuses on a short summary of the end user considerations in downselecting options, the ultra low emissions technology and key features employed to achieve these low emissions, an overview of the conversion scope and a review and description of the control technology employed. Finally, a technical discussion of the low emissions operational flexibility will be provided including performance results of the converted units.

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Fuel Use and CO2 Emissions Under Uncertainty From Light-Duty Vehicles in the U.S. to 2050

Journal of Energy Resources Technology ◽

10.1115/1.4007485 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 134 (4) ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Parisa Bastani ◽

John B. Heywood ◽

Chris Hope

Keyword(s):

Co2 Emissions ◽

Alternative Fuels ◽

Fuel Use ◽

Policy Makers ◽

Light Duty ◽

Co2 Equivalent ◽

The Future ◽

Light Duty Vehicles ◽

The Impact ◽

The U.S

On-road transportation contributes 22% of the total CO2 emissions and more than 44% of oil consumption in the U.S. technological advancements and use of alternative fuels are often suggested as ways to reduce these emissions. However, many parameters and relationships that determine the future characteristics of the light-duty vehicle (LDV) fleet and how they change over time are inherently uncertain. Policy makers need to make decisions today given these uncertainties, to shape the future of light-duty vehicles. Decision makers thus need to know the impact of uncertainties on the outcome of their decisions and the associated risks. This paper explores a carefully constructed detailed pathway that results in a significant reduction in fuel use and greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions in 2050. Inputs are assigned realistic uncertainty bounds, and the impact of uncertainty on this pathway is analyzed. A novel probabilistic fleet model is used here to quantify the uncertainties within advanced vehicle technology development, and life-cycle emissions of alternative fuels and renewable sources. Based on the results from this study, the expected fuel use is about 500 and 350 × 109 l gasoline equivalent, with a standard deviation of about 40 and 80 × 109 l in years 2030 and 2050, respectively. The expected CO2 emissions are about 1360 and 840 Mt CO2 equivalent with a spread of about 130 and 260 Mt CO2 equivalent in 2030 and 2050, respectively. Major contributing factors in determining the future fuel consumption and emissions are also identified and include vehicle scrappage rate, annual growth of vehicle kilometres travelled in the near term, total vehicle sales, fuel consumption of naturally aspirated engines, and percentage of gasoline displaced by cellulosic ethanol. This type of analysis allows policy makers to better understand the impact of their decisions and proposed policies given the technological and market uncertainties that we face today.

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Testing at the U.S. Navy’s Gas Turbine Systems Engineering Complex: Part II

Volume 2: Aircraft Engine; Marine; Microturbines and Small Turbomachinery ◽

10.1115/91-gt-322 ◽

1991 ◽

Author(s):

John H. Preisel

Keyword(s):

Control System ◽

Gas Turbine ◽

Systems Engineering ◽

Waste Heat ◽

Exhaust System ◽

Full Scale ◽

Electrical System ◽

The Us ◽

The Future ◽

Electrical Generation

Full-scale testing has continued at the US Navy’s Gas Turbine Systems Engineering Complex. The test complex, which is based on the US Navy’s DDG-51 class propulsion plant, has fully transitioned from the construction phase to the testing phase. A complete LM 2500-based propulsion train exists, as well as an electrical generation, distribution and control system. The purpose of this paper is to provide an update to last year’s test report, and to document the new tests and systems integration tasks that have taken place. Particular areas to be discussed include: - electrical system design, installation and testing - crew training and integrated plant operations - full-scale casualty control exercises - integration and testing of an Auxiliary Power Unit - control system upgrades and communication testing At the time that this paper is being written, final design approval has been given to move a second 2500 kW gas turbine generator to the test site. This will be a cogeneration system, since it has a waste heat recovery system installed in the exhaust system. The paper describes the plans for integrating this system into the gas turbine complex. The proposed electrical system test plan is also discussed. The paper concludes by outlining the component and system testing programs that are planned for the future. The future tests represent a continuing commitment to land based test sites and full scale integration testing.

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The corona crisis as a catalyst for the digital transformation in the sanitary trade?

Marketing Science & Inspirations ◽

10.46286/msi.2020.15.4.1 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 (4) ◽

pp. 2-12

Author(s):

Marcus Diedrich ◽

Markus Peplinski

Keyword(s):

Business Models ◽

Industrial Revolution ◽

Industrial Sector ◽

Digital Transformation ◽

Work Design ◽

Fourth Industrial Revolution ◽

Digital Infrastructure ◽

The Future ◽

Framework Conditions ◽

Working World

The term Work 4.0 is connected with the discussion about the fourth industrial revolution, but focuses on modes of working conditions – not only in the industrial sector but also in the entire working world. The digital transformation is leading to profound changes in business models, organizations and work design. The working world of the future will be more digital, ﬂexible and networked. The corona crisis has shifted the framework conditions with regard to communication both within the company and with customers. Many companies are becoming aware that too little money and time has been invested in digital infrastructure. The aim of this essay is to fnd out to what extent the corona crisis serves as a catalyst for the digital transformation in the specialist sanitary trade. The study carried out for this purpose leads to the result that the use of video conferences and home offces have increased and will also be used more frequently in the future. In contrast, the use of targeted multi-channel measures in the form of virtual showrooms is on the decline.

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