scholarly journals Mental Imagery and its Relevance for Psychopathology and Psychological Treatment in Children and Adolescents: a Systematic Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 303-327
Author(s):  
Susan Schwarz ◽  
Dörte Grasmann ◽  
Franziska Schreiber ◽  
Ulrich Stangier
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Mental Imagery ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Psychological Treatment ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Rational Emotive Therapy ◽  
Imagery Rehearsal Therapy ◽  
Current State ◽  
State Of Research ◽  
And Behavior

Abstract This review provides an overview of the current state of research concerning the role of mental imagery (MI) in mental disorders and evaluates treatment methods for changing MI in childhood. A systematic literature search using PubMed/Medline, Web of Science, and PsycINFO from 1872 to September 2020 was conducted. Fourteen studies were identified investigating MI, and fourteen studies were included referring to interventions for changing MI. Data from the included studies was entered into a data extraction sheet. The methodological quality was then evaluated. MI in childhood is vivid, frequent, and has a significant influence on cognitions and behavior in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), social anxiety disorder (SAD), and depression. The imagery’s perspective might mediate the effect of MI on the intensity of anxiety. Imagery rescripting, emotive imagery, imagery rehearsal therapy, and rational-emotive therapy with imagery were found to have significant effects on symptoms of anxiety disorders and nightmares. In childhood, MI seems to contribute to the maintenance of SAD, PTSD, and depression. If adapted to the developmental stages of children, interventions targeting MI are effective in the treatment of mental disorders.

scholarly journals Mental imagery in psychiatry: conceptual & clinical implications

CNS Spectrums ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 114-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie L. Ji ◽  
David J. Kavanagh ◽  
Emily A. Holmes ◽  
Colin MacLeod ◽  
Martina Di Simplicio
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Mental Imagery ◽  
Treatment Decision ◽  
Emotional States ◽  
Transdiagnostic Treatment ◽  
Treatment Decision Making ◽  
Behavioral Dysfunction ◽  
Self Harm ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Linguistic Cognition

Mental imagery refers to the experience of perception in the absence of external sensory input. Deficits in the ability to generate mental imagery or to distinguish it from actual sensory perception are linked to neurocognitive conditions such as dementia and schizophrenia, respectively. However, the importance of mental imagery to psychiatry extends beyond neurocognitive impairment. Mental imagery has a stronger link to emotion than verbal-linguistic cognition, serving to maintain and amplify emotional states, with downstream impacts on motivation and behavior. As a result, anomalies in the occurrence of emotion-laden mental imagery has transdiagnostic significance for emotion, motivation, and behavioral dysfunction across mental disorders. This review aims to demonstrate the conceptual and clinical significance of mental imagery in psychiatry through examples of mood and anxiety disorders, self-harm and suicidality, and addiction. We contend that focusing on mental imagery assessment in research and clinical practice can increase our understanding of the cognitive basis of psychopathology in mental disorders, with the potential to drive the development of algorithms to aid treatment decision-making and inform transdiagnostic treatment innovation.

Evolutionary Approaches to Health Issues and Behaviors Across the Life Course

2019 ◽  
pp. 273-302
Author(s):  
Daniel J. Kruger ◽  
Jessica S. Kruger
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Theory ◽  
Life History Theory ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Current State ◽  
Health Related Research ◽  
Health Related ◽  
State Of Research ◽  
The Life Course ◽  
And Behavior

Health-related research is broad, diverse, and fragmented theoretically, methodologically, and across disciplines. The understanding and improvement of human health would be accelerated by establishing a universal and deep framework integrating varied undertakings. This framework is evolutionary theory, the most powerful explanatory system in the life sciences and the only framework that can unify knowledge in otherwise disparate fields of human research. Darwinian medicine has already made considerable progress in the practical understanding of human physiology and other areas informing medical care. Within evolutionary theory, life history theory in particular holds the promise of promoting understanding of variation in behavioral patterns related to health and why they vary consistent with environmental conditions. This chapter describes the current state of research exemplifying an evolutionary approach to health-related psychology and behavior and outlines directions for future research and intervention efforts.

scholarly journals Potential Biomarkers of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Psychiatry ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 90-99
Author(s):  
N. N. Petrova ◽  
B. G. Butoma ◽  
M. V. Dorofeikova
Keyword(s):  
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Posttraumatic Stress ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Current State ◽  
State Of Research ◽  
Somatic Diseases

Background: although the search for biomarkers of mental disorders that is aimed at improving diagnosis, individualizing therapy based on knowledge of pathophysiological processes and preventing the development of mental illness is actively underway for endogenous mental disorders, the study of biological markers in non-endogenous mental disorders and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in particular has received much less attention. Aim: to analyze current state of research dedicated to genetic and biochemical biomarkers that can be used to identify high risk groups and clarify the diagnosis of PTSD. Material and method: keywords “biomarkers”, “post-traumatic stress disorder”, “pathogenesis” have been used to fi nd in PubMed articles published in 2010–2020. Conclusion: research methods for elucidating the mechanisms of PTSD are actively developing, however, the identifi cation of specifi c biomarkers (biochemical, molecular, genetic, epigenetic, neuroimaging, psychophysiological) is a complicated task. This complexity is associated with numerous pathogenic mechanisms of PTSD and frequent comorbidity with mental disorders (depression, anxiety) and somatic diseases, as well as lack of specifi city of detected biomarkers.

scholarly journals Kilka uwag o narracji biograficznej czeskich strażaków (projekt Społeczeństwo czeskie w okresie tzw. normalizacji i transformacji w świetle oral history)

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 175-185
Author(s):  
Hana V. Bortlová
Keyword(s):  
Oral History ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Historical Research ◽  
Current State ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Methodological Problems ◽  
State Of Research ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Attitudes And Behavior

Through historical analysis and interpretation of memories of Czech/Czechoslovak firefighters who have been professionally active since 1960s until 1990s (and/or beyond), his paper aims to analyze the ways in which his socio-professional group has been behaving during the last 40–50 years. Given that only very little historical research has been done on members of this group, the paper represents a first pioneer attempt. The research is a continuation of previous research projects conducted by Czech oral historians focused on working class members and on changes of their opinions, attitudes and behavior before and after 1989. The author’s ambition is to contribute to the current knowledge of the nature and specifics of the mentioned „normalization” regime (1969–1989) as well as the „transformation-to-democracy” era (1990s) in Czechoslovakia. In the present paper the author outlines the current state of research (20 conducted interviews with 10 firefighters as to the end of 2012), comments on some methodological problems associated with oral-historical research of this group and offers her interpretations of selected topics.

scholarly journals The current state of research on psychiatric genetics in Poland and the world: A report covering recent years

2018 ◽  
Vol 72 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Anna Grzywacz ◽  
Małgorzata Ryder ◽  
Iwona Małecka ◽  
Jolanta Chmielowiec
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Unipolar Depression ◽  
Psychiatric Genetics ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Current State ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
State Of Research ◽  
The Impact

The aim of this article was to review the results of research carried out in recent years in relation to genetic studies in psychiatry. The authors’ focus is on the selected disorders, with particular emphasis on the reports from Poland. For this purpose, the most often mentioned studies describing genes and biomarkers involved in psychiatry were selected. Genetic polymorphisms were described in relation to schizophrenia, alcoholism, addiction to psychoactive substances, autistic spectrum, unipolar depression and bipolar disorder, eating disorders and other psychiatric disorders. Characterizing the impact of inheritance factors on the processes in the central nervous system, it can be observed that some biological mechanisms forms associations with tested genetic variants and this combination is linked with the risk of mental disorders. To understand the role of psychiatric genetics, surveys which join genotype and phenotype associations (endophenotype) are essential. It seems important to study and search for associations of genes polymorphisms and biomarkers with mental and psychiatric disorders in order to better understanding the biological basis of the disease and more effective treatment of patients. In many cases, the variability analysis of selected genes sheds new light on understanding the etiology of diseases and mental disorders. Genetics is a powerful technique which allows us to study the impact of the inherited variance on changes in mental state, even without having prior knowledge about biological changes.

Culturally Responsive Pedagogy in Mathematics

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 145-158
Author(s):  
Kenta Nagasawa
Keyword(s):  
Professional Development ◽  
Teacher Education ◽  
Culturally Responsive ◽  
Latino Students ◽  
Culturally Responsive Pedagogy ◽  
Mathematics Teacher Education ◽  
Development Program ◽  
Current State ◽  
Responsive Pedagogy ◽  
State Of Research

Purpose: This paper is a thematic literature review to examine the current state of research about Culturally Responsive Pedagogy in mathematics. The main themes are students’ perception, teacher education for pre-service teacher and professional development for teachers. Research methods/ approach: Literature was collected from Eric, which is a research engine of the education field. Also, Google Scholar is used to find articles of major scholars introduced by Dr. Rich Milner, who is the instructor of this course. Findings: Students faced microaggressions in mathematics class, which discouraged them to learn mathematics. The effect of teacher education was inconsistent in terms of the awareness of culturally responsive pedagogy and lesson plans. Research of professional development mentioned that mathematics was cultural. Implications for research and practice: It is more interesting to conduct long term or follow-up research to find the teacher’s practice after a taking professional development program. Also, it is critical to expand research scope besides African American and Latino students. Finally, evidence-based research is needed to change the political situation. Keywords: culturally responsive teaching, mathematics, teacher education, professional development, student’s perception

Editorial

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
João José Pinto Ferreira ◽  
Anne-Laure Mention ◽  
Marko Torkkeli
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Education Research ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
Research Integrity ◽  
Academic Community ◽  
Human Knowledge ◽  
Academic Institutions ◽  
Current State ◽  
State Of Research ◽  
Successive Generations

The expansion of human knowledge in all areas is largely the outcome of the activity of academic institutions and the result of their mission to contribute to the cultural, intellectual and economic development of the society, involving education, research and university extension activities. For many years, the academic community has been organizing itself in all different ways to respond to current and future needs, ensuring research integrity and recognition, and building on successive generations of peers to validate and support the launching and development of novel research streams. We owe the current state of research and development of our society to generations of scholars and scientists that have brought all of us here.(...)

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