scholarly journals Study of Series-Parallel and Power-Split DHT for Hybrid Powertrains

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haijun Chen ◽  
Lin Li ◽  
Ferit Küçükay
Keyword(s):  
Structure And Function ◽  
Motor Power ◽  
Hybrid Powertrains ◽  
Power Split ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Hybrid Transmission ◽  
And Performance ◽  
And Function ◽  
Original Equipment Manufacturers ◽  
Economic Comparison

AbstractDedicated hybrid transmission (DHT) is the developing trend of hybrid transmissions. This paper studies different types of DHTs regarding the structure, function, and performance. Firstly, the structure and function of different well-known DHTs in the market are discussed and analyzed. Through the analysis, the reasonability and necessity of the different modes and the electric motor power requirements that lie behind different DHTs are derived. Secondly, the dynamics of different DHTs are further compared with the driving areas in different modes under different driving conditions. Then, the basic or minimum dynamic requirements are defined and taken into consideration before the economic comparison. To ensure the effectiveness of the comparison, the optimization of the configurations for each kind of DHT is carried out with the modular simulation model. The economic comparison is conducted under the premise of excluding the influences of the configurations in the results. Finally, the sensitivity and influence of different engine characteristics for different DHTs are studied to find out the sensibilities of the two kinds of DHTs with engine technology. Through these studies, the essential differences and features of different DHTs can be derived to help better understand the decision in choosing the technical route for the original equipment manufacturers.

Influence fast or later: two types of influencers in social networks

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fang Zhou ◽  
Chang Su ◽  
Shuqi Xu ◽  
Linyuan Lü
Keyword(s):  
Final Stage ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Large Fraction ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Spreading Process ◽  
Spreading Effect ◽  
Local Structures ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Small Set ◽  
And Function

Abstract In real-world networks, there usually exist a small set of nodes that play an important role in the structure and function of networks. Those vital nodes can influence most other nodes in the network via a spreading process. While most of the existing works focused on vital nodes that can maximize the spreading size in the final stage, which we call final influencers, recent work proposed the idea of fast influencers, which emphasizes nodes’ spreading capacity at the early stage. Despite the recent surge of efforts in identifying these two types of influencers in networks, there remained limited research on untangling the differences between fast influencers and final influencers. In this paper, we first distinguish the two types of influencers: fast-only influencers and final-only influencers. The former is defined as individuals who can achieve a high spreading effect at the early stage but lose their superiority in the final stage, and the latter are those individuals that fail to exhibit a prominent spreading performance at the early stage but influence a large fraction of nodes at the final stage. Further experiments based on eight empirical datasets, we reveal the key differences between the two types of influencers concerning their spreading capacity and the local structures. We also analyze how network degree assortativity influences the fraction of the proposed two types of influencers. The results demonstrate that with the increase of degree assortativity, the fraction of the fast-only influencers decreases, which indicates that more fast influencers tend to keep their superiority at the final stage. Our study provides insights into the differences and evolution of different types of influencers and has important implications for various empirical applications, such as advertisement marketing, and epidemic suppressing.

Regulation of sperm motility at the axonemal level

1995 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 847 ◽  
Author(s):  
C Gagnon
Keyword(s):  
Direct Action ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Basic Structure ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Structural Components ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Radial Spokes ◽  
Dynein Arms ◽  
And Function

With very few exceptions, the basic structure of the 9+2 axoneme has been well preserved over a very long period of evolution from protozoa to mammais. This stability indicates that the basic structural components of the axoneme visible by electron microscopy, as well as most of the other unidentified components, have withstood the passage of time. It also means that components of the 9+2 axoneme have sufficient diversity in function to accommodate the various types of motility patterns encountered in different species of flagella. Several of the 200 polypeptides that constitute the axoneme have been identified as components of the dynein arms, radial spokes etc. but many more remain to be identified and their function(s) remain to be determined. Because this review deals with the regulation of flagellar movement at the axonemal level, it does not include regulation of flagella by extracellular factors unless these factors have a direct action on axonemal components. In this context, it is very important firstly to understand the structural components of the axoneme and how they influence and regulate axonemal movement. Different primitive organisms are mentioned in this review since major breakthroughs in our understanding of how an axoneme generates different types of movement have been made through their study. Despite some variations in structure and function of axonemal components, the basic mechanisms involved in the regulation of flagella from Chlamydomonas or sea urchin spermatozoa should also apply to the more evolved mammalian species, including human spermatozoa.

Individual Differences Among Users

2011 ◽  
pp. 1-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madeleine Keehner ◽  
Peter Khooshabeh ◽  
Mary Hegarty
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Science Literature ◽  
Interactive Behavior ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Interactive Visualizations ◽  
Cognitive Benefits ◽  
Sophisticated User ◽  
And Function

This chapter examines human factors associated with using interactive three-dimensional (3D) visualizations. Virtual representations of anatomical structure and function, often with sophisticated user control capabilities, are growing in popularity in medicine for education, training, and simulation. This chapter reviews the cognitive science literature and introduces issues such as theoretical ideas related to using interactive visualizations, different types and levels of interactivity, effects of different kinds of control interfaces, and potential cognitive benefits of these tools. The authors raise the question of whether all individuals are equally capable of using 3D visualizations effectively, focusing particularly on two variables: (1) individual differences in spatial abilities, and (2) individual differences in interactive behavior. The chapter draws together findings from the authors’ own studies and from the wider literature, exploring recent insights into how individual differences among users can impact the effectiveness of different types of external visualizations for different kinds of tasks. The chapter offers recommendations for design, such as providing transparent affordances to support users’ meta-cognitive understanding, and employing personalization to complement the capabilities of different individuals. Finally, the authors suggest future directions and approaches for research, including the use of methodology such as needs analysis and contextual enquiry to better understand the cognitive processes and capacities of different kinds of users.

Design of Drawer-Combined Condiment Container

2014 ◽  
Vol 602-605 ◽  
pp. 499-502
Author(s):  
Yan Yuan ◽  
Le Cao
Keyword(s):  
Material Selection ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Design Methods ◽  
Space Saving ◽  
Different Types ◽  
And Function

A drawer-combined condiment container was designed, and the design methods and steps were illustrated from four aspects, including the structure and function, material selection, dimensioning, modeling and decoration. With the integrated storage and independent sealing of different types of condiment, as well as the pickup of improved fluid condiment, it is characterized by cleanliness, convenience in application, space-saving and reusable features when compared to the like product. Therefore, it is of application and promotion value in the packing container design and related industries.

scholarly journals Students’ understanding of the cell and cellular structures

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-241
Author(s):  
Mai Lill Suhr Lunde ◽  
Tone Fredsvik Gregers
Keyword(s):  
Cell Biology ◽  
Cellular Structure ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Cellular Structures ◽  
New Knowledge ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Eighth Grade Students ◽  
Biology Instruction ◽  
And Function ◽  
Systemic View

This study aimed to investigate Norwegian eighth-grade students’ preconceptions of cells, the development of their understanding of cellular structure and function during cell biology instruction, and their understanding of the cell as a system. We conducted pre- and posttests including drawings, images and statements with 28 students. Our findings indicate that most students had a simplified view of cells prior to instruction but developed significant knowledge about cellular structures and different types of cells during instruction. However, several misconceptions arose, and some students seemed to alter their correct preconceptions. This suggests that teachers need to address misconceptions during instruction and support integration of students’ previous and new knowledge. Additionally, we suggest that focusing on numerous structures and cells from different organisms confuses students and complicates the process of achieving a systemic view of the cell.

scholarly journals Evaluation of left ventricular systolic function in patients with different types of ischemic heart disease by two-dimensional speckle tracking imaging

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xing Xing ◽  
Dan Li ◽  
Shaomin Chen ◽  
Lingli Wang ◽  
Zhaoping Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systolic Function ◽  
Left Ventricular Systolic Function ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Speckle Tracking Imaging ◽  
Ventricular Systolic Function ◽  
Different Types ◽  
And Function ◽  
Conventional Echocardiography

Abstract Background The purpose of this study was to evaluate left ventricular systolic function in patients with different types of ischemic heart disease using two-dimensional speckle tracking imaging (2D-STI). Methods We retrospectively studied patients who were admitted to Peking University Third Hospital from January 2011 to December 2017 due to chest tightness and chest pain. Two hundred forty-two patients were divided into control group, CMD group and obstructive CAD group. The main coronary artery stenosis was confirmed by coronary angiography or coronary computed tomography and coronary flow reserve (CFR) in patients was measured by transthoracic Doppler echocardiography. Left ventricular strain and strain rate (SR) measured by 2D-STI. Cardiac structure and function were measured by conventional echocardiography. Results Conventional echocardiography showed that there was no significant difference in cardiac structure and function among the three groups (P > 0.05). Moreover, the longitudinal strain (LS) of each ventricular wall in CMD group was notably lower than that in control group (P < 0.01). In addition, global longitudinal SR and longitudinal SR in CMD group and obstructive CAD group were obviously lower than those in control group (P < 0.01). GLS, endocardial LS and epicardial LS were negatively correlated with CFR (P < 0.01). Conclusions Early left ventricular systolic dysfunction was found in patients with CMD and patients with obstructive CAD, with similar degree. CFR is an independent influencing factor of GLS. GLS and stratified LS have certain diagnostic value for CMD.

scholarly journals Biosynthesis of Polyketides in Streptomyces

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chandra Risdian ◽  
Tjandrawati Mozef ◽  
Joachim Wink
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Polyketide Synthases ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Filamentous Form ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Different Types ◽  
And Function

Polyketides are a large group of secondary metabolites that have notable variety in their structure and function. Polyketides exhibit a wide range of bioactivities such as antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer, antiviral, immune-suppressing, anti-cholesterol, and anti-inflammatory activity. Naturally, they are found in bacteria, fungi, plants, protists, insects, mollusks, and sponges. Streptomyces is a genus of Gram-positive bacteria that has a filamentous form like fungi. This genus is best known as one of the polyketides producers. Some examples of polyketides produced by Streptomyces are rapamycin, oleandomycin, actinorhodin, daunorubicin, and caprazamycin. Biosynthesis of polyketides involves a group of enzyme activities called polyketide synthases (PKSs). There are three types of PKSs (type I, type II, and type III) in Streptomyces responsible for producing polyketides. This paper focuses on the biosynthesis of polyketides in Streptomyces with three structurally-different types of PKSs.

R&D Support Programs (the Need)

2017 ◽  
pp. 1-25
Keyword(s):  
Business Plan ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Support Program ◽  
Support Programs ◽  
Legal Environment ◽  
Support Tools ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Strategic Role ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
And Function

Any good business plan starts with the definition of the need for which it intends to base the entire business. Following that example, the discussion here should also start with the need for such programs, their strategic role as defined by research, and the rationale that makes them prevalent. When discussing R&D support programs, one needs to bear in mind that there are different types of such programs. The specific needs such programs were designed to answer, whether well or less so, the target audience or clients they address, and the specific legal environment they operate in, influence the different types and give rise to the need for different types of programs to begin with. In this chapter, we shall define the R&D support program and analyze examples of the influence the parameters mentioned above, have on the structure and function of the programs. The different types as well as support tools will be discussed at a later chapter (Chapter 05 – R&D support program types).

scholarly journals Receptor-activated Ca2+ inflow in animal cells: a variety of pathways tailored to meet different intracellular Ca2+ signalling requirements

1999 ◽  
Vol 337 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Greg J. BARRITT
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Open Channel ◽  
Ion Selectivity ◽  
Careful Analysis ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Cation Channels ◽  
Animal Cells ◽  
Different Types ◽  
And Function ◽  
Ca2 Channels

Receptor-activated Ca2+ channels (RACCs) play a central role in regulation of the functions of animal cells. Together with voltage-operated Ca2+ channels (VOCCs) and ligand-gated non-selective cation channels, RACCs provide a variety of pathways by which Ca2+ can be delivered to the cytoplasmic space and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in order to initiate or maintain specific types of intracellular Ca2+ signal. Store-operated Ca2+ channels (SOCs), which are activated by a decrease in Ca2+ in the ER, are a major subfamily of RACCs. A careful analysis of the available data is required in order to discern the different types of RACCs (differentiated chiefly on the basis of ion selectivity and mechanism of activation) and to properly develop hypotheses for structures and mechanisms of activation. Despite much intensive research, the structures and mechanisms of activation of RACCs are only now beginning to be understood. In considering the physiological functions of the different RACCs, it is useful to consider the specificity for Ca2+ of each type of cation channel and the rate at which Ca2+ flows through a single open channel; the locations of the channels on the plasma membrane (in relation to the ER, cytoskeleton and other intracellular units of structure and function); the Ca2+-responsive enzymes and proteins; and the intracellular buffers and proteins that control the distribution of Ca2+ in the cytoplasmic space. RACCs which are non-selective cation channels can deliver Ca2+ directly to specific regions of the cytoplasmic space, and can also admit Na+, which induces depolarization of the plasma membrane, the opening of VOCCs and the subsequent inflow of Ca2+. SOCs appear to deliver Ca2+ specifically to the ER, thereby maintaining oscillating Ca2+ signals.

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