scholarly journals Zinc oxide-induced changes to sunscreen ingredient efficacy and toxicity under UV irradiation

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (10) ◽  
pp. 1273-1285
Author(s):  
Aurora L. Ginzburg ◽  
Richard S. Blackburn ◽  
Claudia Santillan ◽  
Lisa Truong ◽  
Robyn L. Tanguay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Oxide ◽  
Small Molecule ◽  
The United States ◽  
Unintended Consequences ◽  
Uv Absorbance ◽  
Protection Factor ◽  
Sun Protection Factor ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Sunscreen Formulation

AbstractSunscreen safety and efficacy is generally evaluated based upon the properties of the individual chemicals in a formulation. However, the photostability of sunscreens has been shown to be highly dependent on the mixture of chemicals present. To better understand how sunscreen formulation influences stability, and to establish a foundation for probing the influence of zinc oxide additives, we formulated five different small-molecule based ultraviolet-filter (UV-filter) mixtures with a Sun Protection Factor (SPF) of 15. These mixtures contained active ingredients approved in either the United States or European Union and were designed to represent formulations of actual products on the market. We evaluated the photostability and toxicity of these mixtures in the absence and presence of zinc oxide after UV exposure for two hours. Changes in UV absorbance were minimal for all five small-molecule-based mixtures without zinc oxide. The presence of either micro- or nano-sized zinc oxide caused significant small-molecule photodegradation and the degraded mixtures exhibited higher levels of toxicity in embryonic zebrafish assays. This study suggests that caution must be taken when formulating sunscreens containing both zinc oxide and small-molecule UV-filters to avoid unintended consequences during use. Graphic abstract

scholarly journals PHOTOPROTECTIVE EFFECT OF SUNSCREEN CREAM WITH ADDITION OF CARRAGEENAN AND BLACK MANGROVE FRUIT (Rhizopora mucronata Lamk.)

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sri Purwaningsih ◽  
Ella Salamah ◽  
M. Nur Adnin
Keyword(s):  
Emulsion Stability ◽  
Uv Light ◽  
Sun Exposure ◽  
Total Phenol ◽  
Protection Factor ◽  
Fruit Extract ◽  
Light Absorber ◽  
Sun Protection Factor ◽  
Black Mangrove ◽  
Sunscreen Formulation

<p><em>The need of people’s face protection  from sun exposure is </em><em>continuosly increasing</em><em>. However, the available </em><em>sunscreen </em><em>in the market </em><em>are </em><em>mostly chemical</em><em>y generated</em><em>. </em><em>S</em><em>eaweed </em><em>(</em><em><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Kappaphycus</span></em><em> <span style="text-decoration: underline;">alvarezii</span></em><em>)</em><em> produced carrageenan, which can be used as stabilizer, thickener, and emulsifier on sunscreen</em><em> production</em><em>.  Black mangrove fruit</em><em> </em>(<em><span style="text-decoration: underline;">R.</span></em><em> <span style="text-decoration: underline;">mucronata</span></em>)<em> contains an antioxidant activity, tanin, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds, </em><em>which are</em><em> potential to be used for UV light absorber as well as </em><em>skin</em><em> </em><em>protector</em><em>. </em><em>The aim</em><em>s</em><em> of this research </em><em>were </em><em>to determine</em><em>: (1)</em><em> the best carrageenan concentration </em><em>in the</em><em> cream; (2) content of total phenol, flavonoids, and tannin of mangrove fruit extract; and (3) </em><em>Sun Protection Factor</em><em> (SPF) value of</em><em> </em><em>sunscreen cream.  The experiment used a complete random design  and with Duncan test.  The result showed that the best natural sunscreen formulation was </em><em>an</em><em> addition </em><em>of </em><em>0.5% carrageenan and 1%  extract  from <span style="text-decoration: underline;">R.</span> <span style="text-decoration: underline;">mucronata</span>. </em><em>The best characteristics of natural sunscreen were found within the level of 7</em><em>.</em><em>62 pH, 38.250 cP viscosity, 100% emulsion stability, </em><em> </em><em>3</em><em>.</em><em>72% shrinkage, and  &lt;10<sup>2</sup> colonies/g total microbial, 10.21 ± 0.06  SPF content,  37.90% total phenol,  0.51% total flavonoids, and 6.20 mg/g tannins.</em></p> <p> </p> <strong><em>Keywords:</em></strong><em> antioxidant, carrageenan, flavonoids, <span style="text-decoration: underline;">Rhizophora</span> <span style="text-decoration: underline;">mucronata</span>, SPF</em>

scholarly journals Natural sunscreen formulation with a high sun protection factor (SPF) from tengkawang butter and lignin

2022 ◽  
Vol 177 ◽  
pp. 114466
Author(s):  
Muhammad Arif Darmawan ◽  
Nurul Hikmah Ramadhani ◽  
Nadhira Alifa Hubeis ◽  
Muhammad Yusuf Arya Ramadhan ◽  
Muhammad Sahlan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sun Protection ◽  
Protection Factor ◽  
Sun Protection Factor ◽  
Sunscreen Formulation

scholarly journals Antioxidants and cactus extract enhances the sun protection factor of octocrylene and oxybenzone solution

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 566-571
Author(s):  
Jingyi Lim ◽  
Jie Yong Chan ◽  
Lai Chun Wong
Keyword(s):  
Sun Protection ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Uv Absorbance ◽  
Uv Filters ◽  
Protection Factor ◽  
Concentration Dependent Manner ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Sun Protection Factor ◽  
Β Carotene

Ultraviolet (UV) filters such as octocrylene and oxybenzone in topical photoprotection products work effectively in absorbing UV radiation, thus minimizing sun damage to the skin. Antioxidants are incorporated into sunscreen products to enhance the photoprotection ability of the products. However, the effectiveness of the antioxidants on the sun protection factor (SPF) of UV filters is not well established. Hence in this study, the effect of caffeine, nicotinamide, β-carotene, α-tocopherol, and cactus extract on the SPF of octocrylene and oxybenzone were investigated. The UV absorbance of octocrylene (5 µg/mL) and oxybenzone (20 µg/mL) in 95% ethanol, with different concentrations of the antioxidants (0.1–100 µg/mL) and cactus extract were measured from 290-320nm. The UV absorbance values were converted to SPF values by the Mansur equation. Statistical analysis was performed by ANOVA test and Post Hoc test (Dundett T3 test) with a significance level of p<0.05 using SPSS software. The antioxidants and cactus extract were found to significantly increase the SPF of octocrylene and oxybenzone solutions in a concentration-dependent manner. Out of the antioxidants tested, β-carotene and α-tocopherol were the most effective antioxidants to increase the SPF of octocrylene solution and oxybenzone solutions, respectively. The results supported that it is beneficial to incorporate antioxidants and cactus extract into the formulation of topical photoprotection products.

Formulation and Sun Protection Factor Estimation of Squash Cucurbita maxima Seeds Sunblock Lotion

10.17158/322 ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Jane G. Barluado
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Oxide ◽  
Active Ingredient ◽  
Sun Exposure ◽  
Sun Protection ◽  
Uv Spectrophotometry ◽  
Selling Price ◽  
Uvb Radiation ◽  
Cell Protection ◽  
Protection Factor ◽  
Sun Protection Factor

<p>The fact that the sun’s ultraviolet (UVA and UVB) radiation reaches the earth’s surface associates sun exposure with many skin problems such as sunburn, photoaging, hyperpigmentation, and skin cancers. Because sunlight is unavoidable, sunscreen/sunblock application is essential to protect the skin from the mentioned problems. Zinc, in the form of zinc oxide, is an active ingredient in sunblocks as it deflects away UVA and UVB. Zinc is an immunologically important mineral that helps in wound healing, antiinflammation, and cell protection. One natural and rich source of zinc is squash seeds, which many consider as trash. This study features the formulation of a sunblock lotion using squash seeds as the active ingredient. Squash seeds extract and powder were first subjected to Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) to quantitate zinc content, and enough were used to formulate a sunblock lotion to a final zinc concentration of 5%. Various physical tests on the finished product showed that it is stable and gentle, having high melting point of 440C, and being easily spreadable, water insoluble, and weakly basic at pH 7.5. Patch tests gave negative results in all subjects, indicating the product’s hypoallergenicity. UV spectrophotometry revealed substantially low UV absorbance (&lt;0.03 from 290nm – 320nm wavelengths), which is consistent with the action of zinc oxide as UV deflector, not absorber. The Sun Protection Factor (SPF) was determined using a modified formula set by the US Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) Code of Federal Regulations Title 21 based on the ratio of minimal erythema (skin redness due to dilated dermal capillaries) on protected skin to that on unprotected skin, and was calculated to be SPF20. Further, costing and pricing analysis showed the production cost to be P0.80/mL, and recommended selling price (at 100% markup) of P1.60/mL, which is up to 13 times cheaper than popular commercial brands of similar effectiveness. Thus, the study successfully formulated a gentle, effective, and affordable sunblock lotion using squash seeds as organic active ingredient.</p>

In Defense of Common Sense: Mental Hygiene as Ideology and Mentality in Twentieth-Century America

Prospects ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 459-516 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fred Matthews
Keyword(s):  
Mental Hygiene ◽  
Interpersonal Relations ◽  
World View ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
Medical Model ◽  
Social Benefit ◽  
The United States ◽  
Unintended Consequences ◽  
Bourgeois Society ◽  
The Individual

This essay on the middlebrow popularization of the role and influence of psychiatric ideas in the United States suggests that the world view variously described as the secular social gospel, progressivism, or (after about 1930) liberalism can best be understood in terms of the great influence that society's popularized medical models have had upon it. That is, liberal or progressive thinkers came to conceive of society as “a patient etherized upon a table,” an organism subject to illness but able to benefit from therapy as prescribed by trained experts. The popularization of psychiatric models also offered norms of health for the individual and (often by implication) for the group based upon the degree of adjustment to a reality external to the individual and subsuming smooth interpersonal relations and a variety of social norms. The most concrete institutional expression of this popular medical model of human nature and society was the network of local, state, and national societies for mental hygiene, and I have therefore used “mental hygiene” as a shorthand term for the concepts under discussion. However, it should be obvious that the fit between ideal-typical concepts and institutions is never perfect and that there is always a mix of ideas and motives among the individuals who constitute an institution at any one time. The concern here is with ideas and their diffusion, rather than with the close evolution of institutions or the development and effectiveness of therapeutic techniques. Furthermore, while this study is written from a viewpoint somewhat critical of the popular effects of a hygienic mentality, it should not be read as imputing either conscious self-interest or “bad faith” to the advocates of popular psychiatry, who appear to have been sincere, energetic individuals convinced that the diffusion of their own beliefs would have enormous social benefit. One of the regrettable tendencies of recent revisionist history has been a vulgar imputation of a conscious selfseeking or promotion of class interests to reformers and other actors who sought to change their environment—apparently from a Utopian view of what constitutes true sincerity and disinterestedness that finds only contamination in the mixed motives and unintended consequences of action in bourgeois society. A tragic or ironic view of history, obviously, avoids this naive faith and anger by assuming that consequences are rarely exact reflections of intentions, that action is as hazardous and morally ambiguous as it is necessary.

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