From computer ethics and the ethics of AI towards an ethics of digital ecosystems

The One ◽

The Relationship ◽

Technical Artefact

AbstractEthical, social and human rights aspects of computing technologies have been discussed since the inception of these technologies. In the 1980s, this led to the development of a discourse often referred to as computer ethics. More recently, since the middle of the 2010s, a highly visible discourse on the ethics of artificial intelligence (AI) has developed. This paper discusses the relationship between these two discourses and compares their scopes, the topics and issues they cover, their theoretical basis and reference disciplines, the solutions and mitigations options they propose and their societal impact. The paper argues that an understanding of the similarities and differences of the discourses can benefit the respective discourses individually. More importantly, by reviewing them, one can draw conclusions about relevant features of the next discourse, the one we can reasonably expect to follow after the ethics of AI. The paper suggests that instead of focusing on a technical artefact such as computers or AI, one should focus on the fact that ethical and related issues arise in the context of socio-technical systems. Drawing on the metaphor of ecosystems which is widely applied to digital technologies, it suggests preparing for a discussion of the ethics of digital ecosystems. Such a discussion can build on and benefit from a more detailed understanding of its predecessors in computer ethics and the ethics of AI.

TIESOS IR MENO KŪRINIO SANTYKIS: B. CROCE IR H. G. GADAMERIS

Problemos ◽

10.15388/problemos.2010.0.1892 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 77 ◽

pp. 163-173

Author(s):

Vaiva Daraškevičiūtė

Keyword(s):

Philosophy Of Art ◽

Work Of Art ◽

The One ◽

Straipsnyje aptariamas tiesos ir meno kūrinio santykis B. Croce’s ir H. G. Gadamerio filosofijoje. Lyginami Croce’s estetikos ir Gadamerio meno filosofijos principai, analizuojami panašumai ir skirtumai. Croce akcentuoja meno autonomiją ir subjektyvųjį intuityviojo pažinimo lygmenį, jo estetikoje per meno kūrinį patiriamas intuityvusis tiesos matmuo, tačiau esama ir universalumą suponuojančių meno patirties aspektų. Gadameris meno kūrinio supratimo analize siekia pagrįsti hermeneutikos universalumą – tiesa čia priešinama metodologijai ir suvokiama kaip supratimo įvykis. Straipsnyje grindžiama tezė, kad Croce’s estetikoje tiesos ir meno kūrinio santykis analogiškas Gadamerio hermeneutikoje aptariamam tiesos ir meno kūrinio santykiui.Pagrindiniai žodžiai: meno kūrinys, tiesa, intuityvusis pažinimas, ekspresija, hermeneutika. The Relationship Between Truth and the Work of Art: B. Croce and H. G. GadamerVaiva Daraškevičiūtė SummaryThe article analyzes the relationship between truth and the work of art in Benedetto Croce’s aesthetics and Hans Georg Gadamer’s philosophy of art. It compares the main principles of art in their philosophies, showing their similarities and differences. The approaches of these two thinkers are compared by presenting their concepts of truth, the art work and art experience. Croce considers art as an autonomic, subjective cognition. Nevertheless, the universal dimension of art experience is especially important in his aesthetics as well. Gadamer, for his part, uses the reflection of the experience of the art work as the foundation of a hermeneutic universality. The truth in this case is described as contrasting with methodology and is taken to be an event of understanding. The article concludes that the relationship between truth and the art work which we find in Croce’s aesthetics is analogous to the one that lies in Gadamer’s philosophy of art.Keywords: Truth, Art work, Hermeneutics, Intuition, Experience.t: 115%;">

A Constituição dos Europeus

Philosophica: International Journal for the History of Philosophy ◽

10.5840/philosophica2005132634 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 13 (26) ◽

pp. 263-300

Author(s):

Luís Portugal Viana de Sá ◽

Keyword(s):

Political Process ◽

Comparison Method ◽

Decision Making Process ◽

Checks And Balances ◽

Paper Making ◽

Federal Constitution ◽

Vast Literature ◽

The One ◽

In this paper, making use of the constitutional comparison method introduced by Aristotle, I aim to argue on the similarities and differences that can be established between, on the one hand, the process that led to the approval of the American Federal Constitution and its consequences and, on the other hand, the process of approval and respective consequences of the Treaty that establishes a Constitution for Europe. To accomplish the aforementioned aim I have used criteria such as the relation ship between federated States and the federal central power, the acquisition of citizenship, the possibility of secession, the checks and balances’ system, the relationship between the Constitution and other laws and the extent of federal integration. The most recent European Union political process is looked into, in the light of issues related to philosophy, law and political science. The standpoint is that Europeans could learn from the complex and contradictory process that occurred more than two centuries ago, as well as from the thought contained in the vast literature produced at the time. Many of the questions and issues that confront Europe nowadays have already been raised and discussed and we should be looking at the different answers they provided, thus enriching our current choices, and improving our decision making process.

Alternating adjectives

The Linguistic Review ◽

10.1515/tlr-2017-0023 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

Author(s):

Gillian Ramchand

Keyword(s):

Simple Property ◽

Dynamic Events ◽

The One ◽

Abstract The paper describes a puzzle in the semantics of a class of English adjectives which alternate systematically in meaning. We know from the literature on adjectival meanings that the STIMULUS vs. EXPERIENCER pair of roles forms the basis of two kinds of adjectives in English depending on whether the STIMULUS or the EXPERIENCER is the one who holds the property. Our puzzle adjectives alternate between these two readings in a way parallel to the morphologically marked adjectival participles (in -ed vs. -ing) of Object Experiencer verbs. I argue further that there are reasons to think that the relationship between these two roles in this alternation is a stative version of causation, with the STIMULUS reading of the adjective being derived from the Psych EXPERIENCER reading. The existence of this alternation shows that within simple property ascriptions (of which adjectival predication is a prototypical expression) a distinction is made between Holders of properties simpliciter, and Holders of causational-properties. Thus, in analysing this adjectival puzzle as a parallel to verbal diathesis, the paper contributes to the debate on the similarities and differences between states and dynamic events.

Some reflections on the relationship between ‘gesture’ and ‘sign’

Gesture ◽

10.1075/gest.8.3.05ken ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 348-366 ◽

Cited By ~ 47

Author(s):

Adam Kendon

Keyword(s):

Twentieth Century ◽

The Other ◽

Sign Languages ◽

Structural Linguistics ◽

The One ◽

Psychological View ◽

The Relationship ◽

Historical Origins ◽

As If

In recent discussions there has been a tendency to refer to ‘gesture’ and ‘sign’ as if these are distinct categories, sometimes even as if they are in opposition to one another. Here I trace the historical origins of this distinction. I suggest that it is a product of the application to the analysis of sign languages of a formalist model of language derived from structural linguistics, on the one hand, and, on the other, of a cognitive-psychological view of ‘gesture’ that emerged in the latter half of the twentieth century. I suggest that this division between ‘gesture’ and ‘sign’ tends to exaggerate differences and obscure areas of overlap. It should be replaced by a comparative semiotics of the utterance uses of visible bodily action. This will be better able to articulate the similarities and differences between how kinesics is used, according to whether and how it is employed in relation to other communicative modalities such as speech.

Introduction

Believing in Bits ◽

10.1093/oso/9780190949983.003.0001 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 1-15

Author(s):

Simone Natale ◽

D. W. Pasulka

Keyword(s):

Digital Media ◽

Digital Technologies ◽

The Political ◽

Digital Devices ◽

The Third ◽

First Category ◽

The One ◽

Second Category ◽

The introduction provides a framework for the book based on a fourfold categorization of the relationship between digital media and belief. The first category of beliefs is the implicit acceptance that digital devices and systems function and are generally reliable. The second category is the idea that digital media are “new,” qualitatively and structurally different from anything that has happened before. The third category is the belief that digital media will irremediably change human societies and cultures, bringing about path-breaking transformations in the political, social, and cultural spheres. The fourth and final category of “beliefs in bits” is the one with the most evident religious implications: the belief that digital technologies will lead to transcendence and affect life, defying death through singularity. While one might object that some of these categories refer to beliefs of a secular nature, the introduction shows that approaches to religion and the supernatural are essential to understand their nature and implications.

A Review of Interfirm Networks: A Deeper Understanding of The Relationship Paradigm

Journal of Business Strategies ◽

10.54155/jbs.30.1.52-95 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 30 (1) ◽

pp. 52-95

Author(s):

Timothy Reisenwitz ◽

Jie Fowler

Keyword(s):

Theoretical Basis ◽

Relevant Literature ◽

Interfirm Relationships ◽

Research Gaps ◽

Interfirm Networks ◽

The Relationship ◽

Practical Implications ◽

Research Studies

Interfirm relationships or networks take a variety of forms and can potentiallyprovide significant synergy for the participants. Yet, most of research studies,to date, have primarily analyzed interfirm networks based upon one paradigm/perspective. This review aims to examine a complete theoretical basis of networkresearch and looks for research gaps and practical implications for both researchersand practitioners. Specifically, it summarizes six conceptual perspectives regardinginterfirm networks: motivational, relational, structural, evolutionary, interactional,and governance, in order to address similarities and differences among differentperspectives. With this purpose in mind, the relevant literature is reviewed and, atthe conclusion of each conceptual perspective, areas of research that require moredevelopment and investigation are identified. Finally, suggestions for managers contemplatingor engaged in interfirm networks are presented.

Severe Paradoxical Dysphonia in Two Young Women

American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology ◽

10.1044/1058-0360.0203.52 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 2 (3) ◽

pp. 52-55 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Michael Collins ◽

Robert McDonald ◽

Robert Stanley ◽

Timothy Donovan ◽

C. Frank Bonebrake

Keyword(s):

Young Women ◽

Theoretical Basis ◽

Therapeutic Regimen ◽

Instrumental Data ◽

Relationship Of ◽

This report describes an unusual and persistent dysphonia in two young women who had taken a therapeutic regimen of isotretinoin for intractable acne. We report perceptual and instrumental data for their dysphonia, and pose a theoretical basis for the relationship of dysphonia to this drug. We also provide recommendations for reducing the risk of acquiring a dysphonia during the course of treatment with isotretinoin.

Misreading Egypt

10.3366/edinburgh/9781474424776.003.0002 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Jesse Schotter

Keyword(s):

New Media ◽

Narrative Form ◽

Experimental Film ◽

Tower Of Babel ◽

Avant Garde ◽

Sergei Eisenstein ◽

History Of ◽

The One ◽

The Relationship ◽

Modern Technologies

The first chapter of Hieroglyphic Modernisms exposes the complex history of Western misconceptions of Egyptian writing from antiquity to the present. Hieroglyphs bridge the gap between modern technologies and the ancient past, looking forward to the rise of new media and backward to the dispersal of languages in the mythical moment of the Tower of Babel. The contradictory ways in which hieroglyphs were interpreted in the West come to shape the differing ways that modernist writers and filmmakers understood the relationship between writing, film, and other new media. On the one hand, poets like Ezra Pound and film theorists like Vachel Lindsay and Sergei Eisenstein use the visual languages of China and of Egypt as a more primal or direct alternative to written words. But Freud, Proust, and the later Eisenstein conversely emphasize the phonetic qualities of Egyptian writing, its similarity to alphabetical scripts. The chapter concludes by arguing that even avant-garde invocations of hieroglyphics depend on narrative form through an examination of Hollis Frampton’s experimental film Zorns Lemma.

Researching (with) Major Food Retailers

Gastronomica The Journal of Food and Culture ◽

10.1525/gfc.2015.15.3.33 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 15 (3) ◽

pp. 33-39 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

David Evans

Keyword(s):

Food Systems ◽

Academic Research ◽

Social Scientists ◽

Major Food ◽

Food Retailers ◽

Food Retailer ◽

The One ◽

The Uk ◽

The Relationship ◽

Opening Up

This paper considers the relationship between social science and the food industry, and it suggests that collaboration can be intellectually productive and morally rewarding. It explores the middle ground that exists between paid consultancy models of collaboration on the one hand and a principled stance of nonengagement on the other. Drawing on recent experiences of researching with a major food retailer in the UK, I discuss the ways in which collaborating with retailers can open up opportunities for accessing data that might not otherwise be available to social scientists. Additionally, I put forward the argument that researchers with an interest in the sustainability—ecological or otherwise—of food systems, especially those of a critical persuasion, ought to be empirically engaging with food businesses. I suggest that this is important in terms of generating better understandings of the objectionable arrangements that they seek to critique, and in terms of opening up conduits through which to affect positive changes. Cutting across these points is the claim that while resistance to commercial engagement might be misguided, it is nevertheless important to acknowledge the power-geometries of collaboration and to find ways of leveling and/or leveraging them. To conclude, I suggest that universities have an important institutional role to play in defining the terms of engagement as well as maintaining the boundaries between scholarship and consultancy—a line that can otherwise become quite fuzzy when the worlds of commerce and academic research collide.

Consciousness as a personal new formation and the determinant of future teachers’ valuable orientations in artistic education

Musical art in the educological discourse ◽

10.28925/2518-766x.2018.3.1724 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 17-24

Author(s):

V. Tusheva

Keyword(s):

Theoretical Basis ◽

Value Orientations ◽

Future Teachers ◽

The Relationship ◽

Personal Formation ◽

New Formation

The determinants of value orientations of a teacher of higher artistic education are identified, qualitative and instrumental properties of a teacher’s consciousness are determined, the relationship between value and sense-bearing processes at the level of cultural and personal senses and outlook priorities correlated with the main messages of postnonclassical science are revealed in the article on the bases of humanistic personally oriented paradigm. Different vectors of deployment of consciousness (self-consciousness) as a teacher’s personal formation in artistic education are considered, the positions which lay the theoretical basis for the development of value and sense-oriented learning, its multicultural, pedagogical and individual-personal contexts are formulated.