Biologically active polypeptides from sea anemones of the red sea

Toxicon ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 289-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Mebs ◽  
M. Liebrich ◽  
A. Reul
Keyword(s):  
Red Sea ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Sea Anemones

Evidence for several types of biologically active substances in north pacific sea anemones

1993 ◽  
Vol 106 (3) ◽  
pp. 661-665
Author(s):  
Vladimir M. Mahnir ◽  
Uriy N. Shumilov ◽  
Alla M. Kovalevskaya ◽  
Liudmila A. Romanenko ◽  
Sergey D. Grebelny
Keyword(s):  
North Pacific ◽  
Biologically Active Substances ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Sea Anemones ◽  
Active Substances

Biologically active polypeptides of sea anemones: Structure, function, and prospects for application

2013 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 311-320
Author(s):  
V. M. Tabakmakher ◽  
M. M. Monastyrnaya ◽  
E. V. Leichenko ◽  
I. N. Gladkikh ◽  
E. A. Zelepuga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Structure Function ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Sea Anemones

scholarly journals Neuro- and Cardiotoxins from Sea Anemones: Structure, Function and Potential of Application in Research and Medical Practice

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-136
Author(s):  
Kalina R.S. Monastyrnaya M.M.
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Channels ◽  
Fluorescent Proteins ◽  
World Ocean ◽  
Chemical Warfare Agents ◽  
Sea Anemone ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Sea Anemones ◽  
Separate Object ◽  
Warfare Agents ◽  
Main Instrument

Sea anemones are well-spread everywhere in the World Ocean and represent the most ancient active poisonous organisms. Their main instrument of attack on other animals are the nematocysts – stinging organelles with the curtailed hollow thread with poisonous edge on the end. In order to attract their potential victims, they use fluorescent proteins. These proteins became a separate object of research as genetically coded markers for the observation of activity of promotors of genes. The poisonous secret of sea anemones is characterized by the presence of maximum number of peptides of various structural classes and spatial structures among the studied land and marine organisms (bees, spiders, scorpions, snakes ect.). This fact complicates the identification of sea anemones' secret and its differentiation from poisons of animals of other taxons, if the concrete source of its origin is unknown. The toxicity of some biologically active sea anemone peptides (RpI, RpIII) at intravenous administration to experimental animals is comparable with that of the most well-known and dangerous representatives of natural toxins with the similar mechanism of action (an alpha-hemolysine and tetrodotoxin), or chemical warfare agents, such as sarin and hydrogen cyanide. Based on their toxic effect, the biologically active sea anemone peptides generally can be classified as neurotoxins due to their impact on the functioning of sodium channels in the cells of the nervous system of animals. cardiotoxic effect of sea anemone secret is caused by the specificity of interaction between its separate neurotoxins and one of the sub-types of sodium channels of muscle cells, characteristic for heart tissues. The main ways of identification of sea anemone neurotoxins in samples (for example, during the investigation of biological crimes) can be sequence by Edman`s method or tandem mass spectrometry (the analysis of fragments of toxin molecule for the establishment of its structure). Further study on the mechanisms of interaction between the sea anemone neurotoxins and the ion channels of the cells of nervous and muscular systems may result in the creation of medicines for treatment of channelopathy, as well as pluripotential antidotes, blocking the toxins, that influence on sodium channels

scholarly journals Clownfish hosting anemones (Anthozoa, Actiniaria) of the Red Sea: new associations and distributions, historical misidentifications, and morphological variability

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Morgan F. Bennett-Smith ◽  
John E. Majoris ◽  
Benjamin M. Titus ◽  
Michael L. Berumen
Keyword(s):  
Red Sea ◽  
Phenotypic Variability ◽  
Morphological Variability ◽  
Western Indian Ocean ◽  
Historical Record ◽  
Sea Anemones ◽  
New Associations ◽  
Multiple Regions ◽  
Host Anemone ◽  
Stichodactyla Mertensii

Abstract Background The Red Sea contains thousands of kilometers of fringing reef systems inhabited by clownfish and sea anemones, yet there is no consensus regarding the diversity of host anemone species that inhabit this region. We sought to clarify a historical record and recent literature sources that disagree on the diversity of host anemone species in the Red Sea, which contains one endemic anemonefish, Amphiprion bicinctus Rüppell 1830. Results We conducted 73 surveys spanning ~ 1600 km of coastline from the northern Saudi Arabian Red Sea to the Gulf of Aden and encountered seven species of host anemones, six of which hosted A. bicinctus. We revise the list of symbionts for A. bicinctus to include Stichodactyla haddoni (Saville-Kent, 1893) and Stichodactyla mertensii Brandt, 1835 which were both observed in multiple regions. We describe Red Sea phenotypic variability in Heteractis crispa (Hemprich & Ehrenberg in Ehrenberg, 1834) and Heteractis aurora (Quoy & Gaimard, 1833), which may indicate that these species hybridize in this region. We did not encounter Stichodactyla gigantea (Forsskål, 1775), although the Red Sea is the type locality for this species. Further, a thorough review of peer-reviewed literature, occurrence records, and misidentified basis of record reports dating back to the early twentieth century indicate that it is unlikely that S. gigantea occurs in the Red Sea. Conclusions In sum, we present a new guide for the host anemones of the Red Sea, revise the host specificity of A. bicinctus, and question whether S. gigantea occurs in the central and western Indian Ocean.

scholarly journals Boxer crabs induce asexual reproduction of their associated sea anemones by splitting and intraspecific theft

PeerJ ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. e2954 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yisrael Schnytzer ◽  
Yaniv Giman ◽  
Ilan Karplus ◽  
Yair Achituv
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Red Sea ◽  
Asexual Reproduction ◽  
Length Polymorphism ◽  
Dna Analysis ◽  
Sea Anemones ◽  
Behavioral Experiments ◽  
Unique Case ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Molecular Analyses

Crabs of the genusLybiahave the remarkable habit of holding a sea anemone in each of their claws. This partnership appears to be obligate, at least on the part of the crab. The present study focuses onLybia leptochelisfrom the Red Sea holding anemones of the genusAlicia(family Aliciidae). These anemones have not been found free living, only in association withL. leptochelis. In an attempt to understand how the crabs acquire them, we conducted a series of behavioral experiments and molecular analyses. Laboratory observations showed that the removal of one anemone from a crab induces a “splitting” behavior, whereby the crab tears the remaining anemone into two similar parts, resulting in a complete anemone in each claw after regeneration. Furthermore, when two crabs, one holding anemones and one lacking them, are confronted, the crabs fight, almost always leading to the “theft” of a complete anemone or anemone fragment by the crab without them. Following this, crabs “split” their lone anemone into two. Individuals ofAliciasp. removed from freshly collectedL. leptocheliswere used for DNA analysis. By employing AFLP (Fluorescence Amplified Fragments Length Polymorphism) it was shown that each pair of anemones from a given crab is genetically identical. Furthermore, there is genetic identity between most pairs of anemone held by different crabs, with the others showing slight genetic differences. This is a unique case in which one animal induces asexual reproduction of another, consequently also affecting its genetic diversity.

Demographic modelling of giant sea anemones: population stability and effects of mutualistic anemonefish in the Jordanian Red Sea

2017 ◽  
Vol 68 (11) ◽  
pp. 2145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Austin K. Dixon ◽  
Matthew J. McVay ◽  
Nanette E. Chadwick
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Coral Reefs ◽  
Red Sea ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Turnover Rates ◽  
Sea Anemones ◽  
Demographic Models ◽  
Demographic Modelling ◽  
Northern Red Sea

Giant sea anemones serve as important hosts for mutualistic anemonefish on Indo-Pacific coral reefs, but their population dynamics and turnover rates remain largely unknown. We used size-based demographic models to determine recruitment, changes in body size and mortality of bulb-tentacle anemones Entacmaea quadricolor and leathery anemones Heteractis crispa over 2years on coral reefs in the northern Red Sea, Jordan. Individuals recruited at consistent rates and grew rapidly until they reached ~300-cm2 tentacle crown surface area, then mostly remained static or shrank. Mortality rate decreased with body size, and the retention of large individuals strongly influenced population size. Individuals of H. crispa were more dynamic than those of E. quadricolor, possibly due to their hosting significantly smaller anemonefish. Both populations were abundant and stable but dynamic in terms of individuals, with estimated turnover times of only ~5 and 3years for E. quadricolor and H. crispa respectively. We conclude that some giant anemones may be short lived relative to their fish symbionts, and that stasis rates of large individuals disproportionately affect their populations. These results have implications for conservation management strategies of these major cnidarians on coral reefs, and indicate wide variation between species in the population-level effects of mutualistic interactions.

abundance of giant sea anemones and patterns of association with anemonefishin the northern red sea

2005 ◽  
Vol 85 (5) ◽  
pp. 1287-1292 ◽  
Author(s):  
nanette e. chadwick ◽  
michael arvedlund
Keyword(s):  
Red Sea ◽  
Juvenile Fish ◽  
Sea Anemone ◽  
High Density ◽  
Fish Growth ◽  
Fish Mortality ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Adult Size ◽  
Sea Anemones ◽  
Northern Red Sea

patterns of distribution and abundance of giant sea anemones and anemonefish were compared among coral reefs along the coastline of sinai in the northern red sea. the sea anemones varied widely in abundance between reef areas containing different habitat types. they were rare on steep reef slopes with abundant coral cover (=low-density anemone sites, 0.09–0.68 anemones per 1000 m2 of reef area), but were common at a site containing patch reefs interspersed with sand (=high-density anemone site, 6.00–8.11 anemones per 1000 m2). distributions of the endemic two-band anemonefish (amphiprion bicinctus) varied significantly between the two main host anemone species. at the high-density site, individuals of the sea anemone heteractis crispa either did not contain anemonefish, or were occupied by single juvenile fish as shown in previous studies. at low-density sites h. crispa usually hosted clusters of juvenile anemonefish. in contrast, individuals of the sea anemone entacmaea quadricolor hosted either single adult fish (high-density site) or pairs of breeding adults (low-density sites), frequently in addition to some juvenile fish. mechanisms that prevent anemonefish from reaching adult size and forming breeding pairs in h. crispa may include high fish mortality above a size threshold because this host cannot adequately protect them from predation when they become large, active emigration of fish to e. quadricolor as described in previous reports, and/or environmentally-controlled cessation of fish growth. we conclude that in the northern red sea, individuals of h. crispa potentially serve as nurseries for anemonefish.

Isolation of Leu-Pro-Pro-Gly-Pro-Leu-Pro-Arg-Pro-NH2 (Antho-RPamide), an protected, biologically active neuropeptide from sea anemones

Peptides ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 851-857 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaus Carstensen ◽  
Kenneth L. Rinehart ◽  
Ian D. McFarlane ◽  
Cornelis J.P. Grimmelikhuijzen
Keyword(s):  
Biologically Active ◽  
Sea Anemones

Laboratory-cultured Red Sea cyanobacteria as a source of biologically active natural products

Planta Medica ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 78 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
C Thornburg ◽  
DT Youssef ◽  
LA Shaala ◽  
K McPhail
Keyword(s):  
Natural Products ◽  
Red Sea ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Active Natural
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