Equine influenza — A segment in influenza virus ecology

1980 ◽  
Vol 3 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 45-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bĕla Tůmová
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Equine Influenza ◽  
Virus Ecology

scholarly journals Complete Genomic Sequences of H3N8 Equine Influenza Virus Strains Used as Vaccine Strains in Japan

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Manabu Nemoto ◽  
Takashi Yamanaka ◽  
Hiroshi Bannai ◽  
Koji Tsujimura ◽  
Hiroshi Kokado
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Influenza A Virus ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Genomic Sequences ◽  
Equine Influenza Virus ◽  
Equine Influenza ◽  
World Organization ◽  
Virus Strains ◽  
Complete Genomic

ABSTRACT We sequenced the eight segments of influenza A virus strains A/equine/Ibaraki/1/2007 and A/equine/Yokohama/aq13/2010, which are strains of the Florida sublineage clades 1 and 2 of the H3N8 subtype equine influenza virus. These strains have been used as vaccine strains in Japan since 2016 in accordance with World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) recommendations.

scholarly journals Mammalian Adaptation of an Avian Influenza A Virus Involves Stepwise Changes in NS1

2017 ◽  
Vol 92 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Chauché ◽  
A. Nogales ◽  
H. Zhu ◽  
D. Goldfarb ◽  
A. I. Ahmad Shanizza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Immune Evasion ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Nonstructural Protein ◽  
Ns1 Protein ◽  
Equine Influenza Virus ◽  
Influenza A Viruses ◽  
Equine Influenza ◽  
Nonstructural Protein 1 ◽  
Avian Origin

ABSTRACT Influenza A viruses (IAVs) are common pathogens of birds that occasionally establish endemic infections in mammals. The processes and mechanisms that result in IAV mammalian adaptation are poorly understood. The viral nonstructural 1 (NS1) protein counteracts the interferon (IFN) response, a central component of the host species barrier. We characterized the NS1 proteins of equine influenza virus (EIV), a mammalian IAV lineage of avian origin. We showed that evolutionarily distinct NS1 proteins counteract the IFN response using different and mutually exclusive mechanisms: while the NS1 proteins of early EIVs block general gene expression by binding to cellular polyadenylation-specific factor 30 (CPSF30), NS1 proteins from more evolved EIVs specifically block the induction of IFN-stimulated genes by interfering with the JAK/STAT pathway. These contrasting anti-IFN strategies are associated with two mutations that appeared sequentially and were rapidly selected for during EIV evolution, highlighting the importance of evolutionary processes in immune evasion mechanisms during IAV adaptation. IMPORTANCE Influenza A viruses (IAVs) infect certain avian reservoir species and occasionally transfer to and cause epidemics of infections in some mammalian hosts. However, the processes by which IAVs gain the ability to efficiently infect and transmit in mammals remain unclear. H3N8 equine influenza virus (EIV) is an avian-origin virus that successfully established a new lineage in horses in the early 1960s and is currently circulating worldwide in the equine population. Here, we analyzed the molecular evolution of the virulence factor nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) and show that NS1 proteins from different time periods after EIV emergence counteract the host innate immune response using contrasting strategies, which are associated with two mutations that appeared sequentially during EIV evolution. The results shown here indicate that the interplay between virus evolution and immune evasion plays a key role in IAV mammalian adaptation.

scholarly journals Complete Genome Sequencing of Two Equine Influenza A(H3N8) Virus Strains Isolated in Kazakhstan

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (26) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yerbol Burashev ◽  
Vitaliy Strochkov ◽  
Kulyaisan Sultankulova ◽  
Mukhit Orynbayev ◽  
Abylay Sansyzbay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Genome Sequencing ◽  
Complete Genome ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Equine Influenza Virus ◽  
Equine Influenza ◽  
Complete Genome Sequencing ◽  
H3n8 Virus ◽  
Virus Strains

Here, we report the complete genome sequencing of strains A/equine/Kostanay/9/2012(H3N8) and A/equine/LKZ/9/2012(H3N8) of the equine influenza virus belonging to Florida sublineage, clade 2. The strains were isolated in 2012 in the northern and southern regions of Kazakhstan, respectively.

scholarly journals Intra- and Interhost Evolutionary Dynamics of Equine Influenza Virus

2010 ◽  
Vol 84 (14) ◽  
pp. 6943-6954 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo R. Murcia ◽  
Gregory J. Baillie ◽  
Janet Daly ◽  
Debra Elton ◽  
Carley Jervis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Consensus Sequence ◽  
Respiratory Pathogen ◽  
Natural Setting ◽  
Equine Influenza Virus ◽  
New Host ◽  
Equine Influenza

ABSTRACT Determining the evolutionary basis of cross-species transmission and immune evasion is key to understanding the mechanisms that control the emergence of either new viruses or novel antigenic variants with pandemic potential. The hemagglutinin glycoprotein of influenza A viruses is a critical host range determinant and a major target of neutralizing antibodies. Equine influenza virus (EIV) is a significant pathogen of the horse that causes periodical outbreaks of disease even in populations with high vaccination coverage. EIV has also jumped the species barrier and emerged as a novel respiratory pathogen in dogs, canine influenza virus. We studied the dynamics of equine influenza virus evolution in horses at the intrahost level and how this evolutionary process is affected by interhost transmission in a natural setting. To this end, we performed clonal sequencing of the hemagglutinin 1 gene derived from individual animals at different times postinfection. Our results show that despite the population consensus sequence remaining invariant, genetically distinct subpopulations persist during the course of infection and are also transmitted, with some variants likely to change antigenicity. We also detected a natural case of mixed infection in an animal infected during an outbreak of equine influenza, raising the possibility of reassortment between different strains of virus. In sum, our data suggest that transmission bottlenecks may not be as narrow as originally perceived and that the genetic diversity required to adapt to new host species may be partially present in the donor host and potentially transmitted to the recipient host.

Protein expression changes in cells inoculated with Equine Influenza Virus: antibody microarray analysis

2013 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 663-669
Author(s):  
W. Rozek ◽  
M. Kwasnik ◽  
J.F. Zmudzinski
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Regulation Of Transcription ◽  
Equine Influenza Virus ◽  
Virus Antibody ◽  
Antibody Microarray ◽  
Equine Influenza ◽  
Microarray Technique ◽  
In Cells

AbstractChanges in the level of cellular proteins in cells inoculated with equine influenza virus H7N7 and H3N8 were studied with microarray technique. H3N8 induced pro-apoptotic proteins while H7N7 induced both pro- as well as anti-apoptotic factors. The higher level of some cytoskeleton components and proteins involved in the protein quality control was recorded. Relatively high number of proteins involved in the regulation of transcription was down-regulated. The pattern of changes observed for H7N7 and H3N8 may reflect differences in the biological properties of both serotypes.

Impact of influenza virus during pregnancy: from disease severity to vaccine efficacy

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (7) ◽  
pp. 441-453
Author(s):  
Ana Vazquez-Pagan ◽  
Rebekah Honce ◽  
Stacey Schultz-Cherry
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Virus Infection ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Disease Severity ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Antiviral Treatment ◽  
Influenza Virus Infection ◽  
Severe Influenza ◽  
The Impact

Pregnant women are among the individuals at the highest risk for severe influenza virus infection. Infection of the mother during pregnancy increases the probability of adverse fetal outcomes such as small for gestational age, preterm birth and fetal death. Animal models of syngeneic and allogeneic mating can recapitulate the increased disease severity observed in pregnant women and are used to define the mechanism(s) of that increased severity. This review focuses on influenza A virus pathogenesis, the unique immunological landscape during pregnancy, the impact of maternal influenza virus infection on the fetus and the immune responses at the maternal–fetal interface. Finally, we summarize the importance of immunization and antiviral treatment in this population and highlight issues that warrant further investigation.

A Fungal Cu/Zn-Containing Superoxide Dismutase Enhances the Therapeutic Efficacy of a Plant Polyphenol Extract in Experimental Influenza Virus Infection

2010 ◽  
Vol 65 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 419-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Serkedjieva ◽  
Tsvetanka Stefanova ◽  
Ekaterina Krumova
Keyword(s):  
Superoxide Dismutase ◽  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Virus Infection ◽  
Protective Effect ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Influenza Virus Infection ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Combined Application ◽  
Combined Use ◽  
Experimental Influenza

The combined protective effect of a polyphenol-rich extract, isolated from Geranium sanguineum L. (PC), and a novel naturally glycosylated Cu/Zn-containing superoxide dismutase, produced from the fungal strain Humicula lutea 103 (HL-SOD), in the experimental influenza A virus infection (EIVI) in mice, induced with the virus A/Aichi/2/68 (H3N2), was investigated. The combined application of HL-SOD and PC in doses, which by themselves do not defend significantly mice in EIVI, resulted in a synergistically increased protection, determined on the basis of protective indices and amelioration of lung injury. Lung weights and consolidation as well as infectious lung virus titers were all decreased significantly parallel to the reduction of the mortality rates; lung indices were raised. The excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by alveolar macrophages (aMØ) as well as the elevated levels of the lung antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), induced by EIVI, were brought to normal. For comparative reasons the combined protective effect of PC and vitamin C was investigated. The obtained results support the combined use of antioxidants for the treatment of influenza virus infection and in general indicate the beneficial protective role of combinations of viral inhibitors of natural origin with diverse modes of action.

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