scholarly journals Intra- and Interhost Evolutionary Dynamics of Equine Influenza Virus

2010 ◽  
Vol 84 (14) ◽  
pp. 6943-6954 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo R. Murcia ◽  
Gregory J. Baillie ◽  
Janet Daly ◽  
Debra Elton ◽  
Carley Jervis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Consensus Sequence ◽  
Respiratory Pathogen ◽  
Natural Setting ◽  
Equine Influenza Virus ◽  
New Host ◽  
Equine Influenza

ABSTRACT Determining the evolutionary basis of cross-species transmission and immune evasion is key to understanding the mechanisms that control the emergence of either new viruses or novel antigenic variants with pandemic potential. The hemagglutinin glycoprotein of influenza A viruses is a critical host range determinant and a major target of neutralizing antibodies. Equine influenza virus (EIV) is a significant pathogen of the horse that causes periodical outbreaks of disease even in populations with high vaccination coverage. EIV has also jumped the species barrier and emerged as a novel respiratory pathogen in dogs, canine influenza virus. We studied the dynamics of equine influenza virus evolution in horses at the intrahost level and how this evolutionary process is affected by interhost transmission in a natural setting. To this end, we performed clonal sequencing of the hemagglutinin 1 gene derived from individual animals at different times postinfection. Our results show that despite the population consensus sequence remaining invariant, genetically distinct subpopulations persist during the course of infection and are also transmitted, with some variants likely to change antigenicity. We also detected a natural case of mixed infection in an animal infected during an outbreak of equine influenza, raising the possibility of reassortment between different strains of virus. In sum, our data suggest that transmission bottlenecks may not be as narrow as originally perceived and that the genetic diversity required to adapt to new host species may be partially present in the donor host and potentially transmitted to the recipient host.

scholarly journals Complete Genomic Sequences of H3N8 Equine Influenza Virus Strains Used as Vaccine Strains in Japan

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Manabu Nemoto ◽  
Takashi Yamanaka ◽  
Hiroshi Bannai ◽  
Koji Tsujimura ◽  
Hiroshi Kokado
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Influenza A Virus ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Genomic Sequences ◽  
Equine Influenza Virus ◽  
Equine Influenza ◽  
World Organization ◽  
Virus Strains ◽  
Complete Genomic

ABSTRACT We sequenced the eight segments of influenza A virus strains A/equine/Ibaraki/1/2007 and A/equine/Yokohama/aq13/2010, which are strains of the Florida sublineage clades 1 and 2 of the H3N8 subtype equine influenza virus. These strains have been used as vaccine strains in Japan since 2016 in accordance with World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) recommendations.

scholarly journals Mammalian Adaptation of an Avian Influenza A Virus Involves Stepwise Changes in NS1

2017 ◽  
Vol 92 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Chauché ◽  
A. Nogales ◽  
H. Zhu ◽  
D. Goldfarb ◽  
A. I. Ahmad Shanizza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Immune Evasion ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Nonstructural Protein ◽  
Ns1 Protein ◽  
Equine Influenza Virus ◽  
Influenza A Viruses ◽  
Equine Influenza ◽  
Nonstructural Protein 1 ◽  
Avian Origin

ABSTRACT Influenza A viruses (IAVs) are common pathogens of birds that occasionally establish endemic infections in mammals. The processes and mechanisms that result in IAV mammalian adaptation are poorly understood. The viral nonstructural 1 (NS1) protein counteracts the interferon (IFN) response, a central component of the host species barrier. We characterized the NS1 proteins of equine influenza virus (EIV), a mammalian IAV lineage of avian origin. We showed that evolutionarily distinct NS1 proteins counteract the IFN response using different and mutually exclusive mechanisms: while the NS1 proteins of early EIVs block general gene expression by binding to cellular polyadenylation-specific factor 30 (CPSF30), NS1 proteins from more evolved EIVs specifically block the induction of IFN-stimulated genes by interfering with the JAK/STAT pathway. These contrasting anti-IFN strategies are associated with two mutations that appeared sequentially and were rapidly selected for during EIV evolution, highlighting the importance of evolutionary processes in immune evasion mechanisms during IAV adaptation. IMPORTANCE Influenza A viruses (IAVs) infect certain avian reservoir species and occasionally transfer to and cause epidemics of infections in some mammalian hosts. However, the processes by which IAVs gain the ability to efficiently infect and transmit in mammals remain unclear. H3N8 equine influenza virus (EIV) is an avian-origin virus that successfully established a new lineage in horses in the early 1960s and is currently circulating worldwide in the equine population. Here, we analyzed the molecular evolution of the virulence factor nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) and show that NS1 proteins from different time periods after EIV emergence counteract the host innate immune response using contrasting strategies, which are associated with two mutations that appeared sequentially during EIV evolution. The results shown here indicate that the interplay between virus evolution and immune evasion plays a key role in IAV mammalian adaptation.

scholarly journals Equine Influenza Virus in Asia: Phylogeographic Pattern and Molecular Features Reveal Circulation of an Autochthonous Lineage

2019 ◽  
Vol 93 (13) ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Miño ◽  
Laura Mojsiejczuk ◽  
Wei Guo ◽  
Haili Zhang ◽  
Ting Qi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Equine Influenza Virus ◽  
Vaccination Programs ◽  
Equine Influenza ◽  
Molecular Features ◽  
Middle East Countries

ABSTRACT Equine influenza virus (EIV) causes severe acute respiratory disease in horses. Currently, the strains belonging to the H3N8 subtype are divided into two clades, Florida clade 1 (FC1) and Florida clade 2 (FC2), which emerged in 2002. Both FC1 and FC2 clades were reported in Asian and Middle East countries in the last decade. In this study, we described the evolution, epidemiology, and molecular characteristic of the EIV lineages, with focus on those detected in Asia from 2007 to 2017. The full genome phylogeny showed that FC1 and FC2 constituted separate and divergent lineages, without evidence of reassortment between the clades. While FC1 evolved as a single lineage, FC2 showed a divergent event around 2004 giving rise to two well-supported and coexisting sublineages, European and Asian. Furthermore, two different spread patterns of EIV in Asian countries were identified. The FC1 outbreaks were caused by independent introductions of EIV from the Americas, with the Asian isolates genetically similar to the contemporary American lineages. On the other hand, the FC2 strains detected in Asian mainland countries conformed to an autochthonous monophyletic group with a common ancestor dated in 2006 and showed evidence of an endemic circulation in a local host. Characteristic aminoacidic signature patterns were detected in all viral proteins in both Asian-FC1 and FC2 populations. Several changes were located at the top of the HA1 protein, inside or near antigenic sites. Further studies are needed to assess the potential impact of these antigenic changes in vaccination programs. IMPORTANCE The complex and continuous antigenic evolution of equine influenza viruses (EIVs) remains a major hurdle for vaccine development and the design of effective immunization programs. The present study provides a comprehensive analysis showing the EIV evolutionary dynamics, including the spread and circulation within the Asian continent and its relationship to global EIV populations over a 10-year period. Moreover, we provide a better understanding of EIV molecular evolution in Asian countries and its consequences on the antigenicity. The study underscores the association between the global horse movement and the circulation of EIV in this region. Understanding EIV evolution is imperative in order to mitigate the risk of outbreaks affecting the horse industry and to help with the selection of the viral strains to be included in the formulation of future vaccines.

scholarly journals Complete Genome Sequencing of Two Equine Influenza A(H3N8) Virus Strains Isolated in Kazakhstan

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (26) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yerbol Burashev ◽  
Vitaliy Strochkov ◽  
Kulyaisan Sultankulova ◽  
Mukhit Orynbayev ◽  
Abylay Sansyzbay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Genome Sequencing ◽  
Complete Genome ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Equine Influenza Virus ◽  
Equine Influenza ◽  
Complete Genome Sequencing ◽  
H3n8 Virus ◽  
Virus Strains

Here, we report the complete genome sequencing of strains A/equine/Kostanay/9/2012(H3N8) and A/equine/LKZ/9/2012(H3N8) of the equine influenza virus belonging to Florida sublineage, clade 2. The strains were isolated in 2012 in the northern and southern regions of Kazakhstan, respectively.

Protein expression changes in cells inoculated with Equine Influenza Virus: antibody microarray analysis

2013 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 663-669
Author(s):  
W. Rozek ◽  
M. Kwasnik ◽  
J.F. Zmudzinski
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Regulation Of Transcription ◽  
Equine Influenza Virus ◽  
Virus Antibody ◽  
Antibody Microarray ◽  
Equine Influenza ◽  
Microarray Technique ◽  
In Cells

AbstractChanges in the level of cellular proteins in cells inoculated with equine influenza virus H7N7 and H3N8 were studied with microarray technique. H3N8 induced pro-apoptotic proteins while H7N7 induced both pro- as well as anti-apoptotic factors. The higher level of some cytoskeleton components and proteins involved in the protein quality control was recorded. Relatively high number of proteins involved in the regulation of transcription was down-regulated. The pattern of changes observed for H7N7 and H3N8 may reflect differences in the biological properties of both serotypes.

scholarly journals Protection against the New Equine Influenza Virus Florida Clade I Outbreak Strain Provided by a Whole Inactivated Virus Vaccine

Vaccines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 784
Author(s):  
Sylvia Reemers ◽  
Sander van Bommel ◽  
Qi Cao ◽  
David Sutton ◽  
Saskia van de Zande
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Virus Vaccine ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Field Strain ◽  
Equine Influenza Virus ◽  
Outbreak Strain ◽  
Virus Shedding ◽  
Equine Influenza ◽  
Vaccine Type ◽  
High Level

Equine influenza virus (EIV) is a major cause of respiratory disease in horses. Vaccination is an effective tool for infection control. Although various EIV vaccines are widely available, major outbreaks occurred in Europe in 2018 involving a new EIV H3N8 FC1 strain. In France, it was reported that both unvaccinated and vaccinated horses were affected despite >80% vaccination coverage and most horses being vaccinated with a vaccine expressing FC1 antigen. This study assessed whether vaccine type, next to antigenic difference between vaccine and field strain, plays a role. Horses were vaccinated with an ISCOMatrix-adjuvanted, whole inactivated virus vaccine (Equilis Prequenza) and experimentally infected with the new FC1 outbreak strain. Serology (HI), clinical signs, and virus shedding were evaluated in vaccinated compared to unvaccinated horses. Results showed a significant reduction in clinical signs and a lack of virus shedding in vaccinated horses compared to unvaccinated controls. From these results, it can be concluded that Equilis Prequenza provides a high level of protection to challenge with the new FC1 outbreak strain. This suggests that, apart from antigenic differences between vaccine and field strain, other aspects of the vaccine may also play an important role in determining field efficacy.

scholarly journals PREVALENCE OF ANTIBODIES AGAINST INFLUENZA VIRUS IN NON-VACCINATED EQUINES FROM THE BRAZILIAN PANTANAL

2014 ◽  
Vol 56 (6) ◽  
pp. 487-492 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucas Gaíva E Silva ◽  
Alice Mamede Costa Marques Borges ◽  
Eliana Monteforte Cassaro Villalobos ◽  
Maria do Carmo Custodio Souza Hunold Lara ◽  
Elenice Maria Siquetin Cunha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Equine Infectious Anemia Virus ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Equine Influenza Virus ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Equine Influenza ◽  
Hemagglutination Inhibition Test ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Spatial Autoregressive ◽  
Anemia Virus

The prevalence of antibodies against Equine Influenza Virus (EIV) was determined in 529 equines living on ranches in the municipality of Poconé, Pantanal area of Brazil, by means of the hemagglutination inhibition test, using subtype H3N8 as antigen. The distribution and possible association among positive animal and ranches were evaluated by the chi-square test, spatial autoregressive and multiple linear regression models. The prevalence of antibodies against EIV was estimated at 45.2% (95% CI 30.2 - 61.1%) with titers ranging from 20 to 1,280 HAU. Seropositive equines were found on 92.0% of the surveyed ranches. Equine from non-flooded ranches (66.5%) and negativity in equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) (61.7%) were associated with antibodies against EIV. No spatial correlation was found among the ranches, but the ones located in non-flooded areas were associated with antibodies against EIV. A negative correlation was found between the prevalence of antibodies against EIV and the presence of EIAV positive animals on the ranches. The high prevalence of antibodies against EIV detected in this study suggests that the virus is circulating among the animals, and this statistical analysis indicates that the movement and aggregation of animals are factors associated to the transmission of the virus in the region.

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