Biofuel v fossil fuel economics in developing countries

Energy Policy ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 455-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcia M. Gowen
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Fossil Fuel

scholarly journals Fossil Fuel Subsidy Reform in the Developing World: Who Wins, Who Loses, and Why?

2018 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 180-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Coxhead ◽  
Corbett Grainger
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Open Economy ◽  
Computable General Equilibrium ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Small Open Economy ◽  
Analytical Models ◽  
Energy Prices ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Subsidy Reform

Fossil fuel subsidies are widespread in developing countries, where reform efforts are often derailed by disputes over the likely distribution of gains and losses. The impacts of subsidy reform are transmitted to households through changes in energy prices and prices of other goods and services, as well as through factor earnings. Most empirical studies focus on consumer expenditures alone, and computable general equilibrium analyses typically report only total effects without decomposing them by source. Meanwhile, analytical models neglect important open-economy characteristics relevant to developing countries. In this paper, we develop an analytical model of a small open economy with a preexisting fossil fuel subsidy and identify direct and indirect impacts of subsidy reform on real household incomes. Our results, illustrated with data from Viet Nam, highlight two important drivers of distributional change: (i) the mix of tradable and nontradable goods, reflecting the structure of a trade-dependent economy; and (ii) household heterogeneity in sources of factor income.

Spatial Distribution of 14C in Tree Leaves from Bali, Indonesia

Radiocarbon ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 235-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamás Varga ◽  
A J Timothy Jull ◽  
Zsuzsa Lisztes-Szabó ◽  
Mihály Molnár
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Woody Plant ◽  
Tree Leaves ◽  
Natural Level ◽  
Woody Plant Species ◽  
Fossil Fuel Emissions

ABSTRACTThe increase of fossil-fuel-derived CO2 in the atmosphere has led to the dilution of the atmospheric radiocarbon concentration, but due to the costly instrumentation, the continuous atmospheric 14C/12C data is incomplete in developing countries, such as in Indonesia. These data give useful information about the level of local and regional fossil emissions. In this study, 14C AMS measurements of local vegetation and woody plant species samples have been used to estimate the rate of fossil-fuel-derived carbon in the plants, which fix the CO2 from the atmosphere by photosynthesis. Evergreen leaf samples were collected in September 2018 on the island of Bali in different, diverse districts in local and urban areas. The samples from the densely populated areas show observable fossil fuel emissions and show that the Δ14C level is close to zero ‰, similar to the natural level.

scholarly journals Whose carbon is burnable? Equity considerations in the allocation of a “right to extract”

2018 ◽  
Vol 150 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 117-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sivan Kartha ◽  
Simon Caney ◽  
Navroz K. Dubash ◽  
Greg Muttitt
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Basic Needs ◽  
The Political ◽  
Fossil Fuel Combustion ◽  
Energy Services ◽  
Rapid Transition

AbstractCarbon emissions—and hence fossil fuel combustion—must decline rapidly if warming is to be held below 1.5 or 2 °C. Yet fossil fuels are so deeply entrenched in the broader economy that a rapid transition poses the challenge of significant transitional disruption. Fossil fuels must be phased out even as access to energy services for basic needs and for economic development expands, particularly in developing countries. Nations, communities, and workers that are economically dependent on fossil fuel extraction will need to find a new foundation for livelihoods and revenue. These challenges are surmountable. In principle, societies could undertake a decarbonization transition in which they anticipate the transitional disruption, and cooperate and contribute fairly to minimize and alleviate it. Indeed, if societies do not work to avoid that disruption, a decarbonization transition may not be possible at all. Too many people may conclude they will suffer undue hardship, and thus undermine the political consensus required to undertake an ambitious transition. The principles and framework laid out here are offered as a contribution to understanding the nature of the potential impacts of a transition, principles for equitably sharing the costs of avoiding them, and guidance for prioritizing which fossil resources can still be extracted.

scholarly journals Photovoltaic Sun Energy Supporting the Health Services

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 01-02
Author(s):  
Fé Fernández Hernández
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Health Services ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Photovoltaic Cell ◽  
Hospital Services ◽  
Transportation Services ◽  
Transportation Demand ◽  
Patient’S Satisfaction ◽  
Descriptive Research ◽  
Cuban Government

Background. In Cuba all health services are covered by the fiscal resources. That’s why the Cuban government most takes heavy decisions to support the transportation and electrician services for health services. The majority from the electricity generated in Cuba is obtained by gross petroleum. Then, the health services and the patient’s satisfaction are close related to the importation of gross petroleum to support the electrician and the health services transportation demand. The use of photovoltaic sun energy contributes to reduce the electrician demand generated by fossil fuel, to reduce the importation of gross petroleum to generate electricity and the save in international currency obtained may be used to cover the importation costs related to transportation services for the health services. Objective. To value the use of photovoltaic sun energy to support the hospital services in Havana. Materials and methods. Was made a descriptive research about the benefits utilizing the photovoltaic sun energy to support the hospital services in Havana. As theorical methods were utilized the inductive – deductive, the comparative and the historical – logical. As empiric methods were used the document and bibliographic research and the arithmetic calculus. Results. If these hospitals considered should install 5000 photovoltaic cell, they should generate 236.25 MW during 350 days at year. This electricity represents the substitution of 65677.5 MT of this fossil fuel annually. Conclusions. Photovoltaic sun energy shows several benefits for developing countries in tropical zones as Cuba. The example showed before should be taken account in health systems of tropical countries as example to reduce the health services costs and increase the patient satisfaction too.

scholarly journals External costs from fossil electricity generation: A review of the applied impact pathway approach

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 635-648 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mojtaba Jorli ◽  
Steven Van Passel ◽  
Hossein Sadeghi Saghdel
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Electricity Generation ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Fuel Quality ◽  
External Costs ◽  
Local Data ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Impact Pathway ◽  
The Impact

This paper reviews and compares 11 studies that have estimated external costs of fossil electricity generation by benefits transfer. These studies include 13 countries and most of these countries are developing countries. The impact pathway approach is applied to estimate the environmental impact arising from fossil fuel-fired power plant’s air emission and the related damages on human health. The estimated damages are used to value the monetary external costs from fossil fuel electricity generation. The estimated external costs in the 13 countries vary from 0.51 to 213.5 USD (2005) per MW h due to differences in fossil fuel quality, location, technology, and efficiency of power plants and additionally differences in assumptions, monetization values, and impact estimations. Accounting for these externalities can indicate the actual costs of fossil energy. The results can be applied by policy makers to take measures to avoid additional costs and to apply newer and cleaner energy sources. The described methods in the selected studies for estimating the external costs with respect to incomplete local data can be applied as a useful example for other developing countries.

Priorities and Options for Livestock Production in Developing Countries

1992 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony J. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Livestock Production ◽  
Climatic Zones ◽  
Dry Land ◽  
Logical Approach ◽  
Special Cases ◽  
The World ◽  
Draught Animals

A logical approach to agriculture is to integrate crop production with livestock, or at least to use systems of agriculture which do not require the consumption of large quantities of fossil fuel. To investigate which systems are most appropriate it is necessary to look at various regions of the world, and particularly at different climatic zones. Systems which are applicable in one area are not necessarily applicable elsewhere. This paper considers three of these situations; dry land (rainfall 500 mm or less), savannah (500 to 1000 mm) and high density/high rainfall (over 1000 mm) or irrigated cropping areas, and deals with the special cases of scavenging poultry and draught animals.

scholarly journals High-resolution mapping of combustion processes and implications for CO<sub>2</sub> emissions

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 5189-5203 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Wang ◽  
S. Tao ◽  
P. Ciais ◽  
H. Z. Shen ◽  
Y. Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Co2 Emission ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Fuel Combustion ◽  
National Data ◽  
High Resolution Mapping ◽  
Resolution Mapping ◽  
Per Capita

Abstract. High-resolution mapping of fuel combustion and CO2 emission provides valuable information for modeling pollutant transport, developing mitigation policy, and for inverse modeling of CO2 fluxes. Previous global emission maps included only few fuel types, and emissions were estimated on a grid by distributing national fuel data on an equal per capita basis, using population density maps. This process distorts the geographical distribution of emissions within countries. In this study, a sub-national disaggregation method (SDM) of fuel data is applied to establish a global 0.1° × 0.1° geo-referenced inventory of fuel combustion (PKU-FUEL) and corresponding CO2 emissions (PKU-CO2) based upon 64 fuel sub-types for the year 2007. Uncertainties of the emission maps are evaluated using a Monte Carlo method. It is estimated that CO2 emission from combustion sources including fossil fuel, biomass, and solid wastes in 2007 was 11.2 Pg C yr−1 (9.1 Pg C yr−1 and 13.3 Pg C yr−1 as 5th and 95th percentiles). Of this, emission from fossil fuel combustion is 7.83 Pg C yr−1, which is very close to the estimate of the International Energy Agency (7.87 Pg C yr−1). By replacing national data disaggregation with sub-national data in this study, the average 95th minus 5th percentile ranges of CO2 emission for all grid points can be reduced from 417 to 68.2 Mg km−2 yr−1. The spread is reduced because the uneven distribution of per capita fuel consumptions within countries is better taken into account by using sub-national fuel consumption data directly. Significant difference in per capita CO2 emissions between urban and rural areas was found in developing countries (2.08 vs. 0.598 Mg C/(cap. × yr)), but not in developed countries (3.55 vs. 3.41 Mg C/(cap. × yr)). This implies that rapid urbanization of developing countries is very likely to drive up their emissions in the future.

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