Vaccination and freedom of choice: the individual and the population

2022 ◽  
pp. 467-474
Author(s):  
Anthony R. Rees
Keyword(s):  
Freedom Of Choice ◽  
The Individual

scholarly journals Maternal and child health: is making ‘healthy choices’ an oxymoron?

2020 ◽  
pp. 175797592096735 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felicia M. Low ◽  
Peter D. Gluckman ◽  
Mark A. Hanson
Keyword(s):  
Child Health ◽  
Maternal And Child Health ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
Policy Changes ◽  
Freedom Of Choice ◽  
Healthy Choice ◽  
Political Forces ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right ◽  
And Child Health

The right to exercise choice is fundamental to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and it is assumed that all individuals generally enjoy freedom of choice in managing their health. Yet closer examination of this assumption calls into question its credibility and validity, especially with regard to maternal and child health around the globe. We argue that the concept of individual ‘healthy choice,’ particularly as applied to those with inadequate support and who are relatively disempowered, is flawed and unhelpful when considering the wider social, economic, and political forces underlying poor health. We instead propose that the realistic promotion of healthy choices requires acknowledging that agency lies beyond just the individual, and that individuals need to be supported through education and other structural and policy changes that facilitate a genuine ability to make healthy choices.

scholarly journals Dialogue on Alternating Consciousness: From Perception to Infinities and Back to Free Will

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claus Janew
Keyword(s):  
Free Will ◽  
Basic Structure ◽  
Freedom Of Choice ◽  
Trace Back ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Universe

Can we trace back consciousness, reality, awareness, and free will to a single basic structure without giving up any of them? Can the universe exist in both real and individual ways without being composed of both? This dialogue founds consciousness and freedom of choice on the basis of a new reality concept that also includes the infinite as far as we understand it. Just the simplest distinction contains consciousness. It is not static, but a constant alternation of perspectives. From its entirety and movement, however, there arises a freedom of choice being more than reinterpreted necessity and unpredictability. Although decisions ultimately involve the whole universe, they are free in varying degrees also here and now. The unity and openness of the infinite enables the individual to be creative while this creativity directly and indirectly enters into all other individuals without impeding them. A contrary impression originates only in a narrowed awareness. But even the most conscious and free awareness can neither anticipate all decisions nor extinguish individuality. Their creativity is secured.

Neoliberalism and the commodification of identity

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kalervo N. Gulson ◽  
P. Taylor Webb
Keyword(s):  
Economic Theory ◽  
African American ◽  
The State ◽  
Social Organisation ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Educational Choices ◽  
Freedom Of Choice ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
Market Economics

*There is an extensive literature, over the course of 25 years, that identifies neoliberalism as a political-economic theory that utilises the efficiencies of market economics to develop and legitimate government priorities and practices. Neoliberalism also promotes forms of social organisation that emphasise individuals’ freedom of choice, and has emphasised ways to increase the educational choices of those who have been racialised as Black or African American. Neoliberalism calls for ‘freedom’, mostly understood in relation to the rights of the individual to market participation and of markets themselves to operate without interference from the state (...

The silent pension pillar implosion

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 98-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yves Stevens
Keyword(s):  
Pension Plans ◽  
Occupational Pension ◽  
Pension Policy ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Freedom Of Choice ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Recent Trends ◽  
Fiscal Law ◽  
Occupational Plans ◽  
The Individual

This article discusses recent trends in occupational pension policy and identifies the rise of a second policy wave directed towards greater individualisation in occupational pension plans. It is clear that, at a global level, governments and regulatory offices are promoting the so-called third pillar as a valuable pension option and that freedom of choice of the individual is a key element in this process. This individualisation reflects the decreasing involvement of employers in occupational plans and the increasing attentiveness of governments towards individual retirement schemes. We ask whether the so-called first and third pillar are pushing the second pillar away and whether there is a silent pension pillar implosion. In the article, we describe and analyse recent legislative and regulatory initiatives in six European countries to locate the individualisation process. We also propose a new paradigm for pension policy makers in which the so-called pension pillars are abandoned and replaced by an integrated pension vision leading to a balanced target income in retirement. In this integrated vision, there is a legal link between all forms of pension in a given country. This link is reflected in social and fiscal law.

scholarly journals The Eternal Return: The Heaviest of the Burdens

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 112-124
Author(s):  
Fatemeh (Sara) Pakdamanshahri
Keyword(s):  
Human Being ◽  
Eternal Return ◽  
Freedom Of Choice ◽  
Literary Works ◽  
Return Home ◽  
One To One ◽  
The Individual

“Putting it negatively, the myth of eternal return states that a life which disappears once and for all, which does not return, is like a shadow, without weight, dead in advance, and whether it was horrible, beautiful, or sublime, its horror, sublimity, and beauty mean nothing.”1 As Kundera, himself, puts it, the idea of living once and never returning to it suggests the utmost lightness under which one’s existence hinders rather than strengthen. The Unbearable Lightness of Being calls on us in the hope of a rediscovery of the experience of homecoming, not only in a geographical sense as we see in Oedipus the King, but more importantly in the psychological, spiritual, and epistemological sense of the term. The struggle between fate and freedom of choice, feeling of guilt and the resolution to its confrontation are among the mutual themes in these two literary masterpieces. Although there are a number of one to one connections between certain characters in the two literary works mentioned, the noteworthy is the individual journey they take to return home (in its metaphorical sense), which at the same time speaks of a collective journey of the homecoming of the human being.

School Choice and Educational Pluralism

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Bertagna ◽  
Francesco Magni
Keyword(s):  
School Choice ◽  
Individual Responsibility ◽  
Freedom Of Choice ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
Educational Pathways ◽  
Subsidiarity Principle ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Private Investors ◽  
State Schools

The early 21st century is an age in which freedoms seem to expand continuously and without limits; in addition to the traditional market freedoms, there is freedom of choice related to gender, to sex, to family, to health, to life and to end of life—to name just a few domains that have embraced the ethos of individual freedom. Nonetheless, in this context of growing freedom for everybody, there is a particular freedom whose “domain” has been limited, especially in Italy: the freedom of choice related to school and education. The constraints placed upon freedom of educational choice defaults, perhaps unintentionally, to a standard orthodoxy enforced by the state and its supposedly omniscient bureaucracy. What is meant by “school choice”? It means the freedom to choose the school, the teachers, the educators, the experiences, and the educational pathways that one supposes best for one’s children, without incurring legal and economic penalties. It also means accepting that the government may regulate the system of state and non-state schools (i.e., it sets out the rules and main goals in terms of the learning and educational values with which teaching institutions should comply). Yet, to balance this, the government, except in cases of exceptional and regulated substitution according to the subsidiarity principle, may not ordinarily manage the organization and functioning of state schools and—more evidently—of non-state schools through a centralized governmental administration. These activities should be left to the individual responsibility of schools, families, companies, private investors, and the institutions of civil society. Last but not least, “school choice” means that the government bears the key responsibility of checking that schools comply with the established rules and values, and that students receive a satisfactory education, and of then making the results of those checks transparent and available for the public. This way, the government can give families very useful information that equips them to make their school choice responsibly.

scholarly journals Personalised Support and Services for Persons with Disabilities – mapping of Nordic models

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars Lindberg
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
People With Disabilities ◽  
Nordic Countries ◽  
Freedom Of Choice ◽  
Persons With Disabilities ◽  
Personal Assistance ◽  
Nordic Region ◽  
The Individual

In what way and how can models for personalised support such as personal budgeting strengthen the implementation of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities? Personal budgeting refers to a sum of money that is granted to the individual on the basis of an assessment of the need for service and calculation of a budget for this purpose. The individual can buy the service he needs for his budget. Personal budgeting is in use in social and health care in several countries. In the Nordic region, personal assistance is the main example of such solutions, but other models have also been tried and adopted in social and health care, such as systems of freedom of choice and increased opportunities for users to choose a provider. The report presents a number of personalised systems for support for people with disabilities that have been implemented in the Nordic countries and their experiences. The mapping was carried out jointly by the Nordic Welfare Center and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL). The report will be considered when forming a proposal for a future reform of support and services for people with disabilities in Finland.

scholarly journals ПСИХОЛОГИЧЕСКОЕ ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ ВНУТРЕННИХ ЦЕННОСТЕЙ У ПОДРОСТКОВ С ДЕВИАНТНЫМ ПОВЕДЕНИЕМ

Innova ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 21-25
Author(s):  
А.А. Хачатрян
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Analysis ◽  
Deviant Behavior ◽  
Reference Group ◽  
Value Orientations ◽  
Personal Life ◽  
Main Task ◽  
Freedom Of Choice ◽  
Lack Of Control ◽  
Life Values ◽  
The Individual

Based on the results of theoretical analysis of the problem of internal values of the individual, it was found that the formation of the value-semantic sphere occurs in stages. One of the stages of formation occurs during adolescence. Due to the current leading activity, the formation of a certain system of values of adolescents is influenced by the values accepted in the reference group of peers. The main task is to study the hierarchy of values in relation to deviant behavior. The study of the hierarchy of personal life values was conducted using the "Value orientations" method by Milton Rokich with the participation of 120 students (average age 19 years) in Belorechensk. For some students, this method seemed difficult, in understanding the presented statements and building a certain system of values that are currently significant for them. According to the results of the study, it was found that the group of students with deviant behavior is characterized by such values of the goal as freedom of choice and independence from parental control, and the desire to act according to their beliefs, while social norms do not regulate such behavior of a teenager. As well as the desire for a fun, measured life, lack of control on the part of parents, teachers and society in achieving their goals.

Geloof als innerlijke keuze: Over de kerkelijke, religieuze en maatschappelijke implicaties van individualisering

2014 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 175-193
Author(s):  
Sipco Vellenga
Keyword(s):  
Social Behavior ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Western Society ◽  
Cultural Patterns ◽  
Freedom Of Choice ◽  
Church Decline ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Late Modern ◽  
Contemporary Western Society

Individualization is one of the basic traits of contemporary Western society. How are church and religion related to this trend? After defining individualization as a process in which people become more independent of their immediate environment, as well as of related traditional cultural patterns, values and norms, this article focuses on the consequences of individualization for church and religion. Individualization is seen to have three ecclesiastical implications: church individualization, increasing church mobility and church decline, as well as three religious implications: religious individualization, increasing religious mobility and an increase of the popularity of atheism. It is argued that individualization entails at least three social paradoxes: more freedom of choice but also a heavier burden upon the individual to make choices, less social restrictions but also a weakening of the sense of safety and belonging, and more informal ways of social behavior, but also social coarsening. Churches and religions which fully incorporate the positive aspects of individualization and at the same time clearly meet its negative aspects will have chances to flourish in late modern society.

Pedagogical support of self-developing personality formation

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ирина Иванова ◽  
Irina Ivanova
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Global Education ◽  
Professional Training ◽  
Freedom Of Choice ◽  
Self Development ◽  
Science And Education ◽  
Self Knowledge ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Special Relevance ◽  
Training Organization

The monograph is devoted to the problem that is of interest to mankind at all times and has a special relevance in the light of modern trends in the development of society, science and education. - the problem of supporting self-development. The book deals with the approach to pedagogical support of children's self-development in the conditions of modern global education, characterized by the priorities of the existential order: a landmark for freedom of choice, responsibility, self-design. The monograph is addressed to teachers, psychologists, coaches, social educators, organizers of work with young people, as well as all those who are interested in the problem of self-knowledge, self-development and self-improvement of the individual. The monograph can be used in the process of professional training of bachelors and masters in the areas of training: "Organization of work with young people", "Psychological and pedagogical education". «Pedagogical education.»

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