Muscle Blood Flow and Vascularization in Response to Exercise and Training

2019 ◽  
pp. 379-389
Author(s):  
Bruno Tesini Roseguini ◽  
M. Harold Laughlin
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Muscle Blood Flow ◽  
Response To Exercise ◽  
Exercise And Training ◽  
And Training

Muscle morphology heterogeneity: control, significance for performance and responses to training

2004 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 11-25
Author(s):  
J L L Rivero
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Muscle Blood Flow ◽  
Adaptive Plasticity ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
The Past ◽  
Skeletal Musculature ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Fibres ◽  
Exercise And Training ◽  
And Training ◽  
Total Muscle

The skeletal musculature of the horse is highly developed and adapted to match the animal's athletic potential. More than half of a mature horse's body weight comprises skeletal muscle and the total muscle blood flow during maximal exercise represents 78% of total cardiac output. Exercise requires the co–ordinated application of many different body systems under the control of the nervous systems. Metabolites and oxygen reach skeletal muscle fibres via the respiratory, cardiovascular and haematological systems. The muscle fibres produce energy in the form of ATP that, via the contractile machinery, is converted into mechanical work. The structural arrangements of the musculoskeletal system provides the means with which to harness this energy to move the horse's limbs in a characteristic rhythmical pattern that is well established for each gait.Equine skeletal muscle is considerably heterogeneous and this diversity reflects functional specialisation and is the basis of its adaptive plasticity. Cellular and molecular diversity of equine muscle and the response of this tissue to exercise and training have been studied extensively over the past 30 years.

scholarly journals Avengers Assemble! Using pop-culture icons to communicate science

2014 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 118-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Paul Zehr
Keyword(s):  
General Public ◽  
Science Communication ◽  
Pop Culture ◽  
Frame Of Reference ◽  
Middle Ground ◽  
Scientific Concepts ◽  
Real Science ◽  
Response To Exercise ◽  
Exercise And Training ◽  
And Training

Engaging communication of complex scientific concepts with the general public requires more than simplification. Compelling, relevant, and timely points of linkage between scientific concepts and the experiences and interests of the general public are needed. Pop-culture icons such as superheroes can represent excellent opportunities for exploring scientific concepts in a mental “landscape” that is comfortable and familiar. Using an established icon as a familiar frame of reference, complex scientific concepts can then be discussed in a more accessible manner. In this framework, scientists and the general public use the cultural icon to occupy a commonly known performance characteristic. For example, Batman represents a globally recognized icon who represents the ultimate response to exercise and training. The physiology that underlies Batman's abilities can then be discussed and explored using real scientific examples that highlight truths and fallacies contained in the presentation of pop-culture icons. Critically, it is not important whether the popular representation of the icon shows correct science because the real science can be revealed in discussing the character through this lens. Scientists and educators can then use these icons as foils for exploring complex ideas in a context that is less threatening and more comfortable for the target audience. A “middle-ground hypothesis” for science communication is proposed in which pop-culture icons are used to exploring scientific concepts in a bridging mental landscape that is comfortable and familiar. This approach is encouraged for communication with all nonscientists regardless of age.

scholarly journals Sympathetic restraint of muscle blood flow during hypoxic exercise

2009 ◽  
Vol 296 (5) ◽  
pp. R1538-R1546 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael K. Stickland ◽  
Curtis A. Smith ◽  
Benjamin J. Soriano ◽  
Jerome A. Dempsey
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Muscle Blood Flow ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Adrenergic Blockade ◽  
Moderate Exercise ◽  
Intact Control ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Breathing Room ◽  
Response To Exercise

Control of exercising muscle blood flow is a balance between local vasodilatory factors and the increase in global sympathetic vasoconstrictor outflow. Hypoxia has been shown to potentiate the muscle sympathetic nerve response to exercise, potentially limiting the increase in muscle blood flow. Accordingly, we investigated sympathetic restraint to exercising muscle during whole body exercise in hypoxia. Six dogs chronically instrumented with ascending aortic and hindlimb flow probes and a terminal aortic catheter were studied at rest and mild [2.5 miles/h (mph), 5% grade] and moderate (4.0 mph, 10% grade) exercise while breathing room air or hypoxia (PaO2 ∼45 mmHg) in the intact control condition and following systemic α-adrenergic blockade (phentolamine). Hypoxia caused an increase in cardiac output (CO), hindlimb flow (FlowL), and blood pressure (BP), while total (CondT) and hindlimb conductance (CondL) were unchanged at rest and mild exercise but increased with moderate exercise. During both mild and moderate exercise, α-blockade in normoxia resulted in significant vasodilation as evidenced by increases in CO (10%), FlowL (17%), CondT (33%), CondL (43%), and a decrease in BP (−18%), with the increase in CondL greater than the increase in CondT during mild exercise. Compared with the normoxic response, α-blockade in hypoxia during exercise resulted in a significantly greater increase in CondT (59%) and CondL (74%) and a correspondingly greater decrease in BP (−34%) from baseline. These findings indicate that there is considerable hypoxia-induced sympathetic restraint of muscle blood flow during both mild and moderate exercise, which helps to maintain arterial blood pressure in hypoxia.

scholarly journals Taming the “sleeping giant”: the role of endothelin-1 in the regulation of skeletal muscle blood flow and arterial blood pressure during exercise

2013 ◽  
Vol 304 (1) ◽  
pp. H162-H169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zachary Barrett-O'Keefe ◽  
Stephen J. Ives ◽  
Joel D. Trinity ◽  
Garrett Morgan ◽  
Matthew J. Rossman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Cardiovascular Response ◽  
Muscle Blood Flow ◽  
Knee Extensor ◽  
Leg Blood Flow ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
Response To Exercise

The cardiovascular response to exercise is governed by a combination of vasodilating and vasoconstricting influences that optimize exercising muscle perfusion while protecting mean arterial pressure (MAP). The degree to which endogenous endothelin (ET)-1, the body's most potent vasoconstrictor, participates in this response is unknown. Thus, in eight young (24 ± 2 yr), healthy volunteers, we examined leg blood flow, MAP, tissue oxygenation, heart rate, leg arterial-venous O2 difference, leg O2 consumption, pH, and net ET-1 and lactate release at rest and during knee extensor exercise (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 30 W) before and after an intra-arterial infusion of BQ-123 [ET subtype A (ETA) receptor antagonist]. At rest, BQ-123 did not evoke a change in leg blood flow or MAP. During exercise, net ET-1 release across the exercising leg increased approximately threefold. BQ-123 increased leg blood flow by ∼20% across all work rates (changes of 113 ± 76, 176 ± 83, 304 ± 108, 364 ± 130, 502 ± 117, and 570 ± 178 ml/min at 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 30 W, respectively) and attenuated the exercise-induced increase in MAP by ∼6%. The increase in leg blood flow was accompanied by a ∼9% increase in leg O2 consumption with an unchanged arterial-venous O2 difference and deoxyhemoglobin, suggesting a decline in intramuscular efficiency after ETA receptor blockade. Together, these findings identify a significant role of the ET-1 pathway in the cardiovascular response to exercise, implicating vasoconstriction via the ETA receptor as an important mechanism for both the restraint of blood flow in the exercising limb and maintenance of MAP in healthy, young adults.

Endocrine Response to Exercise and Training—Closing the Gaps

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 226-232
Author(s):  
Alon Eliakim
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Training ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Laboratory Research ◽  
Hormonal Changes ◽  
Muscle Adaptations ◽  
Closing The Gaps ◽  
Inadequate Nutrition ◽  
Response To Exercise ◽  
Exercise And Training ◽  
And Training

In recent years there has been a remarkable enhancement in the knowledge and understanding of endocrine responses to exercise and exercise training in children and adolescents who participate in sports. This includes, for example, exercise-associated changes in growth factors that regulate muscle adaptations to exercise training, the use of hormonal changes to assess training intensity, as well as deleterious effects of competitive sports, in particularly if associated with inadequate nutrition, on growth and the reproductive system. However, major scientific gaps still exist in our understanding of the application and translation of this knowledge to the everyday use of young athletes and their coaches. These gaps include the translation of laboratory research to “real-life” training setting to optimize training efficiency, mainly due to the lack of “real-life” exercise studies; and the use of genetic endocrinology for sports selection, the prediction of excellence in sports and to improve training.

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