DIAGNOSTIC METHODS FOR DISORDERS OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

2009 ◽  
pp. 836-840
Author(s):  
David K. Urion
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Ewing's Family of Tumors Involving Structures Related to the Central Nervous System: A Review

2000 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 203-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Gary Hadfield ◽  
Martha M. Quezado ◽  
Robert L. Williams ◽  
Vivian Y. Luo
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Spinal Column ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Adjacent Structures ◽  
Microscopic Features ◽  
The Central Nervous System

This review consolidates information gleaned from several case reports and larger series on Ewing's sarcoma family of tumors (EFT) involving structures related to and found in the central nervous system (CNS). These tumors involve the skull, the spinal column, adjacent soft tissues, the meninges, and the brain. We have separated the cases by skull region and spinal column level, and we discuss the attendant differences in prognosis following treatment by neurosurgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. Light and electron microscopic features can be used to differentiate EFT from other small round blue cell tumors that involve the CNS (central primitive neuroectodermal tumor, lymphoma, etc.). Recent molecular and genetic findings in EFT provide new diagnostic methods. We conclude that EFT involving the CNS and adjacent structures is not so rare as previously stated and that the prognosis is more favorable, as a rule, than for the more common examples arising in the long bones and pelvis.

scholarly journals Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in HIV-infected patients: clinical features and diagnosis (literature review)

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 5-12
Author(s):  
E. A. Samotolkina ◽  
A. V. Pokrovskaya ◽  
S. V. Matosova ◽  
E. A. Domonova
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy ◽  
Cellular Immunity ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Neurological Symptoms ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Human Polyomavirus ◽  
Effective Prevention ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is one of the most severe opportunistic diseases of the central nervous system, which leads to multiple demyelination of brain structures, neurological symptoms and frequent death or disability of the patient. The etiological factor of this disease is Human polyomavirus 2 (JCPyV).This pathogen is widespread – antibodies are found in 80% of the world›s population. However, the clinical symptoms of this infection appear only in people with a pronounced decline in cellular immunity. Until 1980 progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy was extremely rarely diagnosed. Now days the main cause of the clinical symptoms of PML is immunodeficiency caused by HIV infection. Clinical manifestations of PML are characterized by various non-specific neurological symptoms, similar to other lesions of the central nervous system, the symptoms progress slowly over several months, and usually lead to death. Diagnosis of PML is based on laboratory and instrumental methods, such as DNA JCPyV detection in the cerebrospinal fluid, brain biopsy, and radiation diagnostic methods. There is no effective prevention and etiotropic therapy for PML. Improved parameters of cellular immunity and antiretroviral treatment in HIV positive patients significantly increase the life expectancy of patients with PML. Despite the ability of drugs to prevent the progression of the disease, pathological changes in the brain are irreversible and lead to persistent disability of patients, therefore, it is necessary to diagnose PML in the early stages of the disease.

From Cancer Cells in Cerebrospinal Fluid and Meninges to Medulloblastoma Cells: Primary Tumors and Metastatic Cancers of the Central Nervous System

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 1179-1184
Author(s):  
Ying Zhao ◽  
Sheng-Le Ding
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Pia Mater ◽  
Primary Tumors ◽  
Secondary Tumors ◽  
Csf Cells ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Objective: This study aims to explore the diagnostic methods for tumors of the central nervous system (CNS) based on different morphological characteristics of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cells. Methods: Through the case analysis of meningeal carcinoma, medulloblastoma and glioma, combined with computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), as well as carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) staining and other staining methods, the morphological characteristics of CSF cells in different tumors of the central nervous were found. Results: Through CT and CEA staining, it was found that the detection rate of primary tumors except for medulloblastoma was generally low (15%–30%), while that of secondary tumors was relatively higher, reaching up to 30%–75%. Measurement data were expressed as mean±standard deviation (x ± SD). Intergroup comparison was conducted using t-test. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Conclusion: In addition to the major morphological features of primary and secondary tumors, in the process of diagnosis, physicians should be aware that the pia matter is a very thin layer of connective tissue, its density is close to the surrounding tissues, and it is very difficult for CT and MRI to distinguish between the pia mater and lesions in it. The determination on whether tumor cells can be detected via CSF cytology depends on whether the tumor invades the subarachnoid space and pia mater. This requires a high degree of responsibility in the diagnosis. Furthermore, the previous examination results should be in contrast, suspected meningeal cancer patients should undergo repeated examinations, and more smears should be made in one examination, in order to improve the positive rate.

Meningoencephalitis caused by pathogenic Sarcocystis species in a naturally infected sheep in Turkey

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (01) ◽  
pp. 42-46
Author(s):  
M. Mufit Kahraman ◽  
Ahmet Akkoç ◽  
S. Pelin Erturkuner ◽  
E. Elif Guzel ◽  
Oguz Kul ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Acute Onset ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Sarcocystis Species ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
Myocardial Fibers ◽  
Hind Limb Paralysis

SummaryA 3-year-old sheep was examined after an acute onset of hind limb paralysis and ataxia. At necropsy, central nervous system, pulmonary and intestinal hyperaemia and ecchymoses in the aortic arch were observed. Main microscopic lesions were confined to the heart, cerebrum and cerebellum. There were a multifocal mild myocarditis and nonsuppurative meningoencephalitis together with protozoal cysts in the heart and the brain. Protozoal cystic structures were observed within many of the myocardial fibers as well as in the cerebrum and cerebellum. Using light microscopy it could not be morphologically determined whether these organisms were Toxoplasma (T.) gondii or Neospora (N.) caninum. Additional diagnostic methods like immunohistochemistry and polymerase chain reaction provided differentiation of Sarcocystis from T. gondii and N. caninum. Transmission electron microscopy demonstrated characteristic features of Sarcocystis sp. as previously described. This is the first confirmed diagnosis of Sarcocystis sp. in the central nervous system of a sheep from Turkey.

Mucoadhesive Nanosystems for Nose-to-Brain Drug Delivery in the Treatment of Central Nervous System Diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonardo Delello Di Filippo ◽  
Jonatas Duarte ◽  
Bruno Fonseca-Santos ◽  
Alberto Gomes Tavares Júnior ◽  
Victor Araújo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Administration Routes ◽  
Brain Drug Delivery ◽  
Nanostructured Systems ◽  
Alternative Drug ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Biological Performance

: The diseases affecting the Central Nervous System (CNS) can have varied etiopathology, but they have in common silent progression, global incidence, and significant impacts on the quality of life of patients and public health systems. With the advance of biomedicine and pharmaceutical technology, new and more modern diagnostic methods and treatments were developed, repurposing the use of drugs currently available for the treatment of CNS diseases. An attractive approach is the use of alternative drug delivery platforms, such as nanocarriers, and less invasive administration routes, such as the nose-to-brain, extensively explored for the delivery of drugs into the CNS. Despite many promising results, the nose-to-brain route has some physiological limitations that make it difficult to deliver drugs satisfactorily to exert therapeutic activity in the CNS. To overcome these limitations, nanostructured systems with mucoadhesive properties have stood out over the last few years in pharmaceutical R&D. In this review, we discuss how the nose-to-brain route limitations can influence the delivery of drugs to the CNS and highlight the benefits that mucoadhesion can bring to these nanostructured systems. The main findings in the literature are brought together and discussed critically, focusing on how mucoadhesion can improve the biopharmaceutical properties of molecules used in the clinic, as well as their biological performance. Finally, conclusions are drawn about the points of strength of mucoadhesive nanosystems and the points that still need attention to successfully use the nose-to-brain route for the treatment of diseases that affect the CNS.

scholarly journals Diagnosis of neurosarcoidosis: Necessity of biopsy

2014 ◽  
Vol 67 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 97-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mihailo Stjepanovic ◽  
Violeta Mihailovic-Vucinic ◽  
Dragana Jovanovic ◽  
Milija Mijajlovic ◽  
Vesna Skodric-Trifunovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Clinical Picture ◽  
Granulomatous Inflammation ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Radiological Findings ◽  
Laboratory Findings ◽  
Clinical Presentations ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Real Challenge

Introduction: Sarcoidosis can affect any part of the central nervous system presenting with an extremely diverse clinical picture. Clinical presentations actually depend on the localization of granulomas in the central nervous system. Making diagnosis according to the localization and the clinical variations is often a clinical challenge. Diagnosis of Neurosarcoidosis. Diagnosis is based on the clinical picture, clinical and radiological findings (magnetic resonance imaging with contrast endocranium), laboratory findings (angio-tenzin-converting enzyme and chitotriosidase in cerebrospinal fluid); however, it is necessary first to exclude all other possible causes of granulomatous inflammation. Recent studies in patients with neurosarcoidosis show a high value of at least one marker of the disease. The safest way and the gold standard in diagnosing this disease would be histopathological confirmation, which is rarely performed due to its invasiveness. Conclusion. New diagnostic methods will contribute to better methods of bypassing invasive procedures, and they will significantly facilitate the diagnosis of neurosarcoidosis, which is a real challenge even for experienced clinicians who deal with this disease.

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