Meningoencephalitis caused by pathogenic Sarcocystis species in a naturally infected sheep in Turkey

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (01) ◽  
pp. 42-46
Author(s):  
M. Mufit Kahraman ◽  
Ahmet Akkoç ◽  
S. Pelin Erturkuner ◽  
E. Elif Guzel ◽  
Oguz Kul ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Acute Onset ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Sarcocystis Species ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
Myocardial Fibers ◽  
Hind Limb Paralysis

SummaryA 3-year-old sheep was examined after an acute onset of hind limb paralysis and ataxia. At necropsy, central nervous system, pulmonary and intestinal hyperaemia and ecchymoses in the aortic arch were observed. Main microscopic lesions were confined to the heart, cerebrum and cerebellum. There were a multifocal mild myocarditis and nonsuppurative meningoencephalitis together with protozoal cysts in the heart and the brain. Protozoal cystic structures were observed within many of the myocardial fibers as well as in the cerebrum and cerebellum. Using light microscopy it could not be morphologically determined whether these organisms were Toxoplasma (T.) gondii or Neospora (N.) caninum. Additional diagnostic methods like immunohistochemistry and polymerase chain reaction provided differentiation of Sarcocystis from T. gondii and N. caninum. Transmission electron microscopy demonstrated characteristic features of Sarcocystis sp. as previously described. This is the first confirmed diagnosis of Sarcocystis sp. in the central nervous system of a sheep from Turkey.

Ewing's Family of Tumors Involving Structures Related to the Central Nervous System: A Review

2000 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 203-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Gary Hadfield ◽  
Martha M. Quezado ◽  
Robert L. Williams ◽  
Vivian Y. Luo
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Spinal Column ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Adjacent Structures ◽  
Microscopic Features ◽  
The Central Nervous System

This review consolidates information gleaned from several case reports and larger series on Ewing's sarcoma family of tumors (EFT) involving structures related to and found in the central nervous system (CNS). These tumors involve the skull, the spinal column, adjacent soft tissues, the meninges, and the brain. We have separated the cases by skull region and spinal column level, and we discuss the attendant differences in prognosis following treatment by neurosurgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. Light and electron microscopic features can be used to differentiate EFT from other small round blue cell tumors that involve the CNS (central primitive neuroectodermal tumor, lymphoma, etc.). Recent molecular and genetic findings in EFT provide new diagnostic methods. We conclude that EFT involving the CNS and adjacent structures is not so rare as previously stated and that the prognosis is more favorable, as a rule, than for the more common examples arising in the long bones and pelvis.

scholarly journals Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in HIV-infected patients: clinical features and diagnosis (literature review)

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 5-12
Author(s):  
E. A. Samotolkina ◽  
A. V. Pokrovskaya ◽  
S. V. Matosova ◽  
E. A. Domonova
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy ◽  
Cellular Immunity ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Neurological Symptoms ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Human Polyomavirus ◽  
Effective Prevention ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is one of the most severe opportunistic diseases of the central nervous system, which leads to multiple demyelination of brain structures, neurological symptoms and frequent death or disability of the patient. The etiological factor of this disease is Human polyomavirus 2 (JCPyV).This pathogen is widespread – antibodies are found in 80% of the world›s population. However, the clinical symptoms of this infection appear only in people with a pronounced decline in cellular immunity. Until 1980 progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy was extremely rarely diagnosed. Now days the main cause of the clinical symptoms of PML is immunodeficiency caused by HIV infection. Clinical manifestations of PML are characterized by various non-specific neurological symptoms, similar to other lesions of the central nervous system, the symptoms progress slowly over several months, and usually lead to death. Diagnosis of PML is based on laboratory and instrumental methods, such as DNA JCPyV detection in the cerebrospinal fluid, brain biopsy, and radiation diagnostic methods. There is no effective prevention and etiotropic therapy for PML. Improved parameters of cellular immunity and antiretroviral treatment in HIV positive patients significantly increase the life expectancy of patients with PML. Despite the ability of drugs to prevent the progression of the disease, pathological changes in the brain are irreversible and lead to persistent disability of patients, therefore, it is necessary to diagnose PML in the early stages of the disease.

scholarly journals Extranodal Marginal Zone Lymphoma of the Central Nervous System Includes Parenchymal-Based Cases With Characteristic Features

2020 ◽  
Vol 154 (1) ◽  
pp. 124-132
Author(s):  
Laila Nomani ◽  
Claudiu V Cotta ◽  
Eric D Hsi ◽  
Judith A Ferry ◽  
James R Cook
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Marginal Zone ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Marginal Zone Lymphoma ◽  
Chromosomal Microarray ◽  
Extranodal Marginal Zone Lymphoma ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Characteristic Features

Abstract Objectives To define the clinicopathologic features of extranodal marginal zone lymphoma (EMZL) of the central nervous system (CNS), including cases arising in CNS parenchyma, which have been reported only rarely. Methods Twelve cases of CNS EMZL were identified, including 5 based in CNS parenchyma and 7 nonparenchymal cases arising in dura or choroid plexus. Results Histologically, parenchymal cases were perivascular infiltrates without a dominant lymphoid mass, whereas nonparenchymal cases were masses of small lymphocytes. Plasma cells were a larger component of the infiltrate in parenchymal cases (median, 30%; range, 20%-50%) than nonparenchymal cases (median, 0%; range, 0%-5%; P < .001), and plasma cells were clonal by immunohistochemistry in 4 of 5 parenchymal vs 1 of 7 nonparenchymal cases (P = .07). Fluorescence in situ hybridization for MALT1 rearrangement was positive in 1 of 3 parenchymal and none of 3 nonparenchymal cases. Chromosomal microarray was abnormal in 5 of 7 cases (71%), with chromosome 6/6q alterations identified in 3 cases. No patients with parenchymal disease but all 6 (100%) with nonparenchymal disease achieved complete remission. Conclusions This case series, the first to include multiple parenchymal cases, clarifies the spectrum of clinical, pathologic, and genetic findings in CNS EMZL and suggests that parenchymal-based lesions may show less favorable prognosis than dural-based disease.

From Cancer Cells in Cerebrospinal Fluid and Meninges to Medulloblastoma Cells: Primary Tumors and Metastatic Cancers of the Central Nervous System

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 1179-1184
Author(s):  
Ying Zhao ◽  
Sheng-Le Ding
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Pia Mater ◽  
Primary Tumors ◽  
Secondary Tumors ◽  
Csf Cells ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Objective: This study aims to explore the diagnostic methods for tumors of the central nervous system (CNS) based on different morphological characteristics of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cells. Methods: Through the case analysis of meningeal carcinoma, medulloblastoma and glioma, combined with computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), as well as carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) staining and other staining methods, the morphological characteristics of CSF cells in different tumors of the central nervous were found. Results: Through CT and CEA staining, it was found that the detection rate of primary tumors except for medulloblastoma was generally low (15%–30%), while that of secondary tumors was relatively higher, reaching up to 30%–75%. Measurement data were expressed as mean±standard deviation (x ± SD). Intergroup comparison was conducted using t-test. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Conclusion: In addition to the major morphological features of primary and secondary tumors, in the process of diagnosis, physicians should be aware that the pia matter is a very thin layer of connective tissue, its density is close to the surrounding tissues, and it is very difficult for CT and MRI to distinguish between the pia mater and lesions in it. The determination on whether tumor cells can be detected via CSF cytology depends on whether the tumor invades the subarachnoid space and pia mater. This requires a high degree of responsibility in the diagnosis. Furthermore, the previous examination results should be in contrast, suspected meningeal cancer patients should undergo repeated examinations, and more smears should be made in one examination, in order to improve the positive rate.

scholarly journals Glial cells of the central nervous system of Bothrops jararaca (Reptilia, Ofidae): an ultrastructural study

2015 ◽  
Vol 35 (7) ◽  
pp. 685-690
Author(s):  
Eduardo F. Bondan ◽  
Maria de Fátima M. Martins ◽  
Rita Sinigaglia-Coimbra ◽  
Rose Eli G. Rici ◽  
Maria Angélica Miglino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
Ependymal Cells ◽  
Bothrops Jararaca ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Microscopy Investigation ◽  
Electron Microscopy Investigation ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Ultrastructural Characteristics

Abstract Although ultrastructural characteristics of mature neuroglia in the central nervous system (CNS) are very well described in mammals, much less is known in reptiles, especially serpents. In this context, two specimens of Bothrops jararaca were euthanized for morphological analysis of CNS glial cells. Samples from telencephalon, mesencephalon and spinal cord were collected and processed for light and transmission electron microscopy investigation. Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglial cells and ependymal cells, as well as myelin sheaths, presented similar ultrastructural features to those already observed in mammals and tended to maintain their general aspect all over the distinct CNS regions observed. Morphological similarities between reptilian and mammalian glia are probably linked to their evolutionary conservation throughout vertebrate phylogeny.

An acute onset of paraparesis in 65 years old Croatian woman – a case report

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Kosta
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Case Report ◽  
Neuromyelitis Optica ◽  
Demyelinating Disease ◽  
Acute Onset ◽  
Spinal Cord Lesions ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
High Doses

Neuromyelitis optica (NMO, Devic`sdisease) is a rare inflammatory, demyelinating disease of the central nervous system that predominantly affects the spinal cord and optic nerves. Seropositivity for NMO-IgG (aquaporin 4antybodies) and longitudinally extensive spinal cord lesions (3 or more segments) are characteristics of NMO. We described a 65-year old woman with an acute onset of paraparesis that was not recognized as NMO at the beginning. The diagnosis was made three months later when she was readmitted because of the relapse.Despite the treatment with high doses of methylprednisolone, plasmapheresis and immunoglobulins her condition stayed unchanged – she was paraplegic and incontinent.

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