Bicycle helmets are highly effective at preventing head injury during head impact: Head-form accelerations and injury criteria for helmeted and unhelmeted impacts

2014 ◽  
Vol 70 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter A. Cripton ◽  
Daniel M. Dressler ◽  
Cameron A. Stuart ◽  
Christopher R. Dennison ◽  
Darrin Richards
Keyword(s):  
Head Injury ◽  
Head Impact ◽  
Bicycle Helmets ◽  
Injury Criteria ◽  
Highly Effective ◽  
Head Form ◽  
Impact Head

Design and Validation of a Component Head Injury Criteria Tester for Aerospace Applications

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamid M. Lankarani ◽  
C. S. Koshy ◽  
C. K. Thorbole
Keyword(s):  
Head Injury ◽  
Seat Belt ◽  
Impact Angle ◽  
Head Impact ◽  
Aircraft Cabins ◽  
Aerospace Applications ◽  
Injury Criteria ◽  
Test Conditions ◽  
Head Injury Criteria ◽  
Impact Events

The compliance with Head Injury Criteria (HIC) specified in 14 CFR 23.562 [1] and CFR 25.562 [2] poses a significant problem for many segments of the aerospace industry. The airlines and the manufacturers of jet transports have made claims of high costs and significant schedule overruns during the development and certification of 16G seats because of the difficulties encountered in meeting this requirement. The current practice is to conduct Full Scale Sled Tests (FSST) on impact sleds. This approach can be expensive, since a new seat may be needed for each test. Moreover, some consider the HIC sensitive to changes in the test conditions, such as sled pulse, seat belt elongation, etc., resulting in HIC results from FSSTs showing poor repeatability. These difficulties make it desirable to devise a cheaper, faster, and more repeatable alternative to FSSTs. This paper describes an attempt to address these issues by designing a device, the National Institute for Aviation Research (NIAR) HIC Component Tester (NHCT) using various multibody tools. This device was then fabricated and its performance evaluated against FSSTs conducted under similar test conditions for some typical impact events that occur in an aircraft cabins e.g. impact with bulkheads. The factors compared for this evaluation are the head impact angle, head impact velocity, HIC, HIC window, peak head C.G. resultant acceleration, average head C.G. resultant acceleration, and head C.G. resultant acceleration profiles. The results of these evaluations show that the NHCT already produces test results that correlate significantly with FSST results for impact targets such as bulkheads and its target envelope is expected eventually to include objects such as seat backs.

scholarly journals Limiting Performance of Helmets for the Prevention of Head Injury

1999 ◽  
Vol 6 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 299-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z.Q. Cheng ◽  
W.D. Pilkey ◽  
J.R. Crandall ◽  
C.R. Bass ◽  
K. Darvish
Keyword(s):  
Head Injury ◽  
Skull Fracture ◽  
Head Acceleration ◽  
Head Injury Criterion ◽  
Bicycle Helmets ◽  
Injury Criteria ◽  
Injury Model ◽  
Head Injury Criteria ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Brain

This is a study of the theoretical optimal (limiting) performance of helmets for the prevention of head injury. A rigid head injury model and a two-mass translational head injury model are employed. Several head injury criteria are utilized, including head acceleration, the head injury criterion (HIC), the energy imparted to the brain which is related to brain injury, and the power developed in the skull that is associated with skull fracture. A helmeted head hitting a rigid surface and a helmeted head hit by a moving object such as a ball are considered. The optimal characteristics of helmets and the impact responses of the helmeted head are investigated computationally. An experiment is conducted on an ensemble of bicycle helmets. Computational results are compared with the experimental results.

Incidence and Severity of Head Impact during Freestyle Aerial Ski Jumping

1999 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew D. Mecham ◽  
Richard M. Greenwald ◽  
James G. Macintyre ◽  
Stephen C. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Head Injury ◽  
Severity Index ◽  
Head Impact ◽  
Head Acceleration ◽  
Acceleration Signal ◽  
Injury Criteria ◽  
Ski Jumping ◽  
Acceleration Data ◽  
Head Injury Criteria ◽  
Life Threatening

A field study was performed using freestyle aerial ski jumpers to determine the incidence of head impact (slapback) and to record head acceleration data during slapback episodes for the 1994–1995 and 1995–1996 winter seasons. A total of 382 slapbacks were recorded from 2,352 jumps for an observed slapback incidence of 16.2%. Head acceleration data were recorded for 5 slapback events. Maximum head acceleration magnitudes for the 5 impacts ranged from 27 to 92 gs and impact durations ranged from 12 to 96 μsec. Standard severity indices including the Gadd Severity Index and Head Injury Criteria were calculated from the resultant acceleration signal and ranged from 57 to 223, and 21 to 159, respectively, which are considered low in terms of life threatening injury levels.

Head Impact Protection : Effect of Head Form Trajectory and Type of Impactor on Deceleration Levels

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mukesh Sharma ◽  
Rachit Pandey ◽  
Ashok Gupta ◽  
S. G. Saraf
Keyword(s):  
Head Impact ◽  
Protection Effect ◽  
Impact Protection ◽  
Head Form

Effects of olympic style taekwondo kicks on an instrumented head-form and resultant head injury measures

2011 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 318-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Fife ◽  
W. Pieter ◽  
D. O'sullivan ◽  
D. Cook ◽  
T. Kaminski
Keyword(s):  
Head Injury ◽  
Head Form

scholarly journals Nonuse of bicycle helmets and risk of fatal head injury: a proportional mortality, case-control study

2012 ◽  
Vol 184 (17) ◽  
pp. E921-E923 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Persaud ◽  
E. Coleman ◽  
D. Zwolakowski ◽  
B. Lauwers ◽  
D. Cass
Keyword(s):  
Head Injury ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Bicycle Helmets ◽  
Mortality Case ◽  
Proportional Mortality ◽  
Control Study

scholarly journals Evaluation of Head Injury Criteria for Injury Prediction Effectiveness: Computational Reconstruction of Real-World Vulnerable Road User Impact Accidents

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fang Wang ◽  
Zhen Wang ◽  
Lin Hu ◽  
Hongzhen Xu ◽  
Chao Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Head Injury ◽  
Real World ◽  
Head Injuries ◽  
Axonal Injury ◽  
Diffuse Axonal Injury ◽  
Road User ◽  
Injury Criteria ◽  
Brain Deformation ◽  
Vulnerable Road User ◽  
Head Injury Criteria

This study evaluates the effectiveness of various widely used head injury criteria (HICs) in predicting vulnerable road user (VRU) head injuries due to road traffic accidents. Thirty-one real-world car-to-VRU impact accident cases with detailed head injury records were collected and replicated through the computational biomechanics method; head injuries observed in the analyzed accidents were reconstructed by using a finite element (FE)-multibody (MB) coupled pedestrian model [including the Total Human Model for Safety (THUMS) head–neck FE model and the remaining body segments of TNO MB pedestrian model], which was developed and validated in our previous study. Various typical HICs were used to predict head injuries in all accident cases. Pearson’s correlation coefficient analysis method was adopted to investigate the correlation between head kinematics-based injury criteria and the actual head injury of VRU; the effectiveness of brain deformation-based injury criteria in predicting typical brain injuries [such as diffuse axonal injury diffuse axonal injury (DAI) and contusion] was assessed by using head injury risk curves reported in the literature. Results showed that for head kinematics-based injury criteria, the most widely used HICs and head impact power (HIP) can accurately and effectively predict head injury, whereas for brain deformation-based injury criteria, the maximum principal strain (MPS) behaves better than cumulative strain damage measure (CSDM0.15 and CSDM0.25) in predicting the possibility of DAI. In comparison with the dilatation damage measure (DDM), MPS seems to better predict the risk of brain contusion.

scholarly journals Numerical Simulation of Airbag and Study on the Effect of Airbag Parameters on Head Injury Criteria

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 1654-1666
Author(s):  
Aakash R
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Head Injury ◽  
Traffic Safety ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Highway Traffic ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
National Highway Traffic Safety ◽  
Occupant Safety ◽  
Injury Criteria ◽  
Head Injury Criteria

Abstract: In the case of an accident, inflatable restraints system plays a critical role in ensuring the safety of vehicle occupants. Frontal airbags have saved 44,869 lives, according to research conducted by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA).Finite element analysis is extremely important in the research and development of airbags in order to ensure optimum protection for occupant. In this work, we simulate a head impact test with a deploying airbag and investigate the airbag's parameters. The airbag's performance is directly influenced by the parameters of the cushion such as vent area and fabric elasticity. The FEM model is analysed to investigate the influence of airbag parameter, and the findings are utilised to determine an optimal value that may be employed in the construction of better occupant safety systems. Keywords: airbag, finite element method, occupant safety, frontal airbag, vent size, fabric elasticity, head injury criteria

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