scholarly journals Graph-based reinforcement learning for discrete cross-section optimization of planar steel frames

2022 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 101512
Author(s):  
Kazuki Hayashi ◽  
Makoto Ohsaki
Keyword(s):  
Reinforcement Learning ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Steel Frames

The Static Stability Analysis of Single-Story Steel Frames with I-Section Columns

2013 ◽  
Vol 351-352 ◽  
pp. 626-629
Author(s):  
Ying Chun Liu ◽  
Wen Fu Zhang ◽  
Jing Ji ◽  
Dan Xie ◽  
Juan Du
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element Method ◽  
Finite Element ◽  
Stability Analysis ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Steel Frames ◽  
Lateral Force ◽  
Static Stability ◽  
Moment Theory ◽  
Ultimate Displacement ◽  
Element Method

Static stability analysis to 12 kinds single-story steel frames with I-section columns is analyzed based upon bilinear lateral force versus displacement framework curve and finite element method, then ultimate displacements are obtained. In comparison, the framework curves and ultimate displacement calculated by modified stiffness and cross-section plastic moment theory accord with that calculated by finite element method. This provides the referential basis for the static stability analysis to a single-story steel frame.

scholarly journals Experimental Testing of Innovative Cold-Formed "GEB" Section / Badania Eksperymentalne Innowacyjnego Kształtownika Giętego Na Zimno Typu „Geb“

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Łukowicz ◽  
Elżbieta Urbańska-Galewska ◽  
Małgorzata Gordziej-Zagórowska
Keyword(s):  
Bearing Capacity ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Experimental Testing ◽  
Steel Frames ◽  
Steel Structures ◽  
Limit Load ◽  
Bending Tests ◽  
Low Weight ◽  
Steel Sections ◽  
Cold Formed Steel

Abstract One of the major advantages of light gauge steel structures made of cold-formed steel sections is their low weight so the production of typical single-storey steel structures of this kind of profiles is still rising. The well known profiles, e.o. Z-sections, C-sections and the so called hat-sections studied and described in the literature, are used mainly as purlins or truss components. A new profile GEB was patented for the use for primary load-bearing member in fabricated steel frames. According to the code [1] every novel cross section should be tested to assign the deformation shape and bearing capacity. The paper deals with the numerical and experimental research of bearing capacity of cold formed GEB profiles. The deformation shape and limit load was obtained from bending tests. The GEB cross section bearing capacity was also determined according to codes [1, 2].

Different Types Cross Section Columns Combination of Multi-Layer Steel Frames Optimum Design Analysis

2014 ◽  
Vol 1006-1007 ◽  
pp. 61-65
Author(s):  
Xue Zou ◽  
En He Bao
Keyword(s):  
Optimum Design ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Steel Frames ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Project Cost ◽  
Component Type ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Steel Weight ◽  
Engineering Cost ◽  
Layer Steel

In order to study the feasibility of different types cross section columns combination of multi-layer steel frames optimum design, considering the basic cycle, the first layer shear-weight ratio, steel weight of structure and other factors to establish different types of models. Through the each model fees of different engineering cost quota, then from cost of the project perspective to analyze the optimum design of multi-layer steel frames. The analysis results: Two kinds of calculations of the project cost of each model’s main structure are different, the project cost quota of Guangxi mainly depends on steel weight of each component type, but the project cost quota of Osaka region general considering the component types and cost of material and processing fees which are determined by section types, and welding quantity is single calculated, model CM4 corresponds well. On the whole, model CM4 has the lower expenses. So Guangxi district should refining component types and section types and then determine production and installation fees.

scholarly journals EC3-Compatible Methods for Analysis and Design of Steel Framed Structures

Modelling ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 567-590
Author(s):  
Sofia Antonodimitraki ◽  
Pavlos Thanopoulos ◽  
Ioannis Vayas
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Steel Frames ◽  
Steel Structures ◽  
Ultimate Capacity ◽  
Framed Structures ◽  
Analysis And Design ◽  
Order Analysis ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Moment Resisting ◽  
Safe Side

The behaviour of steel structures is affected by two nonlinearities—the geometric and material nonlinearity—and by the unavoidable presence of imperfections. To evaluate the ultimate capacity of a structure, these effects should be taken into consideration during the design process, either explicitly in the analysis or implicitly through the verification checks. In this context, Eurocode 3 provides several design approaches of different complexity and accuracy. The advantages and disadvantages of these approaches are discussed. Five different methods in conformity with the Eurocode provisions are applied for the design of four moment resisting steel frames of varying slenderness. The influence of nonlinearities and imperfections in respect to the slenderness of the structure is illustrated. The examined methods are compared in terms of the predicted ultimate capacity and their efficiency is assessed against the most accurate between them, i.e., an advanced geometrically and materially nonlinear analysis. It is shown that considerable differences arise between the methods. Nevertheless, except for the commonly used 2nd order analysis followed by cross-section verifications, the remaining methods are mostly on the safe side.

XUV Absorption Spectra of Carbon Ions

1988 ◽  
Vol 102 ◽  
pp. 71-73
Author(s):  
E. Jannitti ◽  
P. Nicolosi ◽  
G. Tondello
Keyword(s):  
Absorption Spectra ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Theoretical Calculations ◽  
Photoionization Cross Section ◽  
Carbon Ions

AbstractThe photoabsorption spectra of the carbon ions have been obtained by using two laser-produced plasmas. The photoionization cross-section of the CV has been absolutely measured and the value at threshold, σ=(4.7±0.5) × 10−19cm2, as well as its behaviour at higher energies agrees quite well with the theoretical calculations.

Elastic Scattering in Electron Microscopy

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 252-253
Author(s):  
J. Langmore ◽  
M. Isaacson ◽  
J. Wall ◽  
A. V. Crewe
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Elastic Scattering ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Quantum Noise ◽  
Dark Field ◽  
Elastic Cross Section ◽  
Biological Molecules ◽  
Dark Field Microscopy ◽  
Field Systems ◽  
Effects Of Radiation

High resolution dark field microscopy is becoming an important tool for the investigation of unstained and specifically stained biological molecules. Of primary consideration to the microscopist is the interpretation of image Intensities and the effects of radiation damage to the specimen. Ignoring inelastic scattering, the image intensity is directly related to the collected elastic scattering cross section, σɳ, which is the product of the total elastic cross section, σ and the eficiency of the microscope system at imaging these electrons, η. The number of potentially bond damaging events resulting from the beam exposure required to reduce the effect of quantum noise in the image to a given level is proportional to 1/η. We wish to compare η in three dark field systems.

A New Approach to the Demonstration of Oxidase-Localization Using Tannic Acid Or Catechin

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 698-699
Author(s):  
V. Mizuhira ◽  
Y. Futaesaku
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Tannic Acid ◽  
Elastic Fiber ◽  
The Other ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Tissue Block ◽  
Active Reaction ◽  
The Cross

Previously we reported that tannic acid is a very effective fixative for proteins including polypeptides. Especially, in the cross section of microtubules, thirteen submits in A-tubule and eleven in B-tubule could be observed very clearly. An elastic fiber could be demonstrated very clearly, as an electron opaque, homogeneous fiber. However, tannic acid did not penetrate into the deep portion of the tissue-block. So we tried Catechin. This shows almost the same chemical natures as that of proteins, as tannic acid. Moreover, we thought that catechin should have two active-reaction sites, one is phenol,and the other is catechole. Catechole site should react with osmium, to make Os- black. Phenol-site should react with peroxidase existing perhydroxide.

Electron Irradiation Effects in Polyoxymethylene Crystals Grown Inside Trioxane Crystals

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 78-79
Author(s):  
J. P. Colson ◽  
D. H. Reneker
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Detailed Examination ◽  
The Other ◽  
Electron Micrograph ◽  
Irradiation Effects ◽  
Threefold Axis ◽  
Typical Sample ◽  
Polymer Crystals ◽  
Chain Axis

Polyoxymethylene (POM) crystals grow inside trioxane crystals which have been irradiated and heated to a temperature slightly below their melting point. Figure 1 shows a low magnification electron micrograph of a group of such POM crystals. Detailed examination at higher magnification showed that three distinct types of POM crystals grew in a typical sample. The three types of POM crystals were distinguished by the direction that the polymer chain axis in each crystal made with respect to the threefold axis of the trioxane crystal. These polyoxymethylene crystals were described previously.At low magnifications the three types of polymer crystals appeared as slender rods. One type had a hexagonal cross section and the other two types had rectangular cross sections, that is, they were ribbonlike.

Freeze-Fracture Replication of Frozen Outer Segments of Rat Retinal Rods

1969 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 392-393
Author(s):  
Thomas S. Leeson ◽  
C. Roland Leeson
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Outer Segment ◽  
Freeze Fracture ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Outer Segments ◽  
Retinal Rods ◽  
Temperature Electron ◽  
Freeze Etching

Numerous previous studies of outer segments of retinal receptors have demonstrated a complex internal structure of a series of transversely orientated membranous lamellae, discs, or saccules. In cones, these lamellae probably are invaginations of the covering plasma membrane. In rods, however, they appear to be isolated and separate discs although some authors report interconnections and some continuities with the surface near the base of the outer segment, i.e. toward the inner segment. In some species, variations have been reported, such as longitudinally orientated lamellae and lamellar whorls. In cross section, the discs or saccules show one or more incisures. The saccules probably contain photolabile pigment, with resulting potentials after dipole formation during bleaching of pigment. Continuity between the lamina of rod saccules and extracellular space may be necessary for the detection of dipoles, although such continuity usually is not found by electron microscopy. Particles on the membranes have been found by low angle X-ray diffraction, by low temperature electron microscopy and by freeze-etching techniques.

A quantitative approach to inner shell losses

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 526-527 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.D. Leapman ◽  
P. Rez ◽  
D.F. Mayers
Keyword(s):  
Energy Transfer ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Accurate Determination ◽  
Background Intensity ◽  
Core Excitation ◽  
Quantitative Basis ◽  
Cross Section Differential ◽  
Bound Electrons

Microanalysis by EELS has been developing rapidly and though the general form of the spectrum is now understood there is a need to put the technique on a more quantitative basis (1,2). Certain aspects important for microanalysis include: (i) accurate determination of the partial cross sections, σx(α,ΔE) for core excitation when scattering lies inside collection angle a and energy range ΔE above the edge, (ii) behavior of the background intensity due to excitation of less strongly bound electrons, necessary for extrapolation beneath the signal of interest, (iii) departures from the simple hydrogenic K-edge seen in L and M losses, effecting σx and complicating microanalysis. Such problems might be approached empirically but here we describe how computation can elucidate the spectrum shape.The inelastic cross section differential with respect to energy transfer E and momentum transfer q for electrons of energy E0 and velocity v can be written as

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