Animal models of highly pathogenic RNA viral infections: Encephalitis viruses

2008 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael R. Holbrook ◽  
Brian B. Gowen
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Highly Pathogenic

scholarly journals An Update on Animal Models for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection and Countermeasure Development

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liang Zhang ◽  
Shuaiyin Chen ◽  
Weiguo Zhang ◽  
Haiyan Yang ◽  
Yuefei Jin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Laboratory Mice ◽  
Disease Manifestation ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
The World ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Critical Aspects

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has become a pandemic since March 2020 and led to significant challenges to over 200 countries and regions all over the world. The establishment of highly pathogenic coronavirus animal model is beneficial for the study of vaccines and pathogenic mechanism of the virus. Laboratory mice, Syrian hamsters, Non-human primates and Ferrets have been used to establish animal models of emerging coronavirus infection. Different animal models can reproduce clinical infection symptoms at different levels. Appropriate animal models are of great significance for the pathogenesis of COVID-19 and the research progress related to vaccines. This review aims to introduce the current progress about experimental animal models for SARS-CoV-2, and collectively generalize critical aspects of disease manifestation in humans and increase their usefulness in research into COVID-19 pathogenesis and developing new preventions and treatments.

scholarly journals Innate Immune Responses to Highly Pathogenic Coronaviruses and Other Significant Respiratory Viral Infections

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanaa Ahmed-Hassan ◽  
Brianna Sisson ◽  
Rajni Kant Shukla ◽  
Yasasvi Wijewantha ◽  
Nicholas T. Funderburg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Innate Immune Responses ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Respiratory Viral Infections

scholarly journals Thogoto Virus Lacking Interferon-Antagonistic Protein ML Is Strongly Attenuated in Newborn Mx1-Positive but Not Mx1-Negative Mice

2004 ◽  
Vol 78 (20) ◽  
pp. 11422-11424 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Pichlmair ◽  
Johanna Buse ◽  
Stephanie Jennings ◽  
Otto Haller ◽  
Georg Kochs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Standard Laboratory ◽  
Laboratory Mice ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Wild Mice ◽  
Effector Molecules ◽  
Conventional Animal ◽  
Infected Cells ◽  
Virus Mutant ◽  
Interferon Antagonists

ABSTRACT The Thogoto virus ML protein suppresses interferon synthesis in infected cells. Nevertheless, a virus mutant lacking ML remained highly pathogenic in standard laboratory mice. It was strongly attenuated, however, in mice carrying the interferon-responsive Mx1 gene found in wild mice, demonstrating that enhanced interferon synthesis is protective only if appropriate antiviral effector molecules are present. Our study shows that the virulence-enhancing effects of some viral interferon antagonists may escape detection in conventional animal models.

scholarly journals Animal Models of Virus-Induced Neurobehavioral Sequelae: Recent Advances, Methodological Issues, and Future Prospects

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Bortolato ◽  
Sean C. Godar
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Behavioral Science ◽  
Diagnostic Category ◽  
Critical Issue ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Intermediate Phenotypes ◽  
Early Developmental

Converging lines of clinical and epidemiological evidence suggest that viral infections in early developmental stages may be a causal factor in neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and autism-spectrum disorders. This etiological link, however, remains controversial in view of the lack of consistent and reproducible associations between viruses and mental illness. Animal models of virus-induced neurobehavioral disturbances afford powerful tools to test etiological hypotheses and explore pathophysiological mechanisms. Prenatal or neonatal inoculations of neurotropic agents (such as herpes-, influenza-, and retroviruses) in rodents result in a broad spectrum of long-term alterations reminiscent of psychiatric abnormalities. Nevertheless, the complexity of these sequelae often poses methodological and interpretational challenges and thwarts their characterization. The recent conceptual advancements in psychiatric nosology and behavioral science may help determine new heuristic criteria to enhance the translational value of these models. A particularly critical issue is the identification of intermediate phenotypes, defined as quantifiable factors representing single neurochemical, neuropsychological, or neuroanatomical aspects of a diagnostic category. In this paper, we examine how the employment of these novel concepts may lead to new methodological refinements in the study of virus-induced neurobehavioral sequelae through animal models.

scholarly journals H2V, a database for human genes and proteins in response to SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV infection

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nan Zhou ◽  
Jinku Bao ◽  
Yuping Ning
Keyword(s):  
Drug Targets ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Antiviral Agents ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Proteomic Data ◽  
Human Genes ◽  
Speed Up ◽  
And Control ◽  
Potential Drug Targets

Abstract The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic in the world is caused by SARS-CoV-2, a new coronavirus first discovered in the end of 2019. It has led to more than 50 million confirmed cases and more than 1 million deaths across 219 countries by 11 November 2020, according to the WHO statistics. SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV are alike. They are highly pathogenic, and they threaten public health, impair economy, and inflict long-term impacts on the society. No drug or vaccine has been approved as a cure for these viruses. The efforts to develop antiviral measures are hampered by the insufficient understanding of how the human body responds to viral infections at the cellular and molecular levels. In this study, journal articles and transcriptomic and proteomic data that survey coronavirus infections were collected. Response genes and proteins were then identified via differential analyses which compared the gene/protein between the infected sample and control. A database, H2V, was finally created for human genes/proteins responding to SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV infection. H2V provides the molecular information about human response to infection. It can be a powerful tool to discover cellular pathways and processes relevant for viral pathogenesis to identify potential drug targets. It is expected to speed up the process of developing antiviral agents and to shed light on the preparation for potential coronavirus emergency in the future.

scholarly journals A Review on SARS-CoV-2 Virology, Pathophysiology, Animal Models, and Anti-Viral Interventions

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabari Nath Neerukonda ◽  
Upendra Katneni
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Human Population ◽  
Randomized Clinical Trials ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
In Vivo Models ◽  
Antiviral Therapies

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of CoV disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a highly pathogenic and transmissible CoV that is presently plaguing the global human population and economy. No proven effective antiviral therapy or vaccine currently exists, and supportive care remains to be the cornerstone treatment. Through previous lessons learned from SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV studies, scientific groups worldwide have rapidly expanded the knowledge pertaining to SARS-CoV-2 virology that includes in vitro and in vivo models for testing of antiviral therapies and randomized clinical trials. In the present narrative, we review SARS-CoV-2 virology, clinical features, pathophysiology, and animal models with a specific focus on the antiviral and adjunctive therapies currently being tested or that require testing in animal models and randomized clinical trials.

scholarly journals Marburg virus pathogenesis – differences and similarities in humans and animal models

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyle Shifflett ◽  
Andrea Marzi
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Marburg Virus ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Pathogenic Virus ◽  
Field Efficacy ◽  
Efficacy Studies

AbstractMarburg virus (MARV) is a highly pathogenic virus associated with severe disease and mortality rates as high as 90%. Outbreaks of MARV are sporadic, deadly, and often characterized by a lack of resources and facilities to diagnose and treat patients. There are currently no approved vaccines or treatments, and the chaotic and infrequent nature of outbreaks, among other factors, makes testing new countermeasures during outbreaks ethically and logistically challenging. Without field efficacy studies, researchers must rely on animal models of MARV infection to assess the efficacy of vaccines and treatments, with the limitations being the accuracy of the animal model in recapitulating human pathogenesis. This review will compare various animal models to the available descriptions of human pathogenesis and aims to evaluate their effectiveness in modeling important aspects of Marburg virus disease.

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