In situ Hydrogenation of Phenol to Cyclohexanone on Pd/C with Phosphotungstic Acid at Open Atmospheric Condition

2021 ◽  
pp. 118454
Author(s):  
Hui Chen ◽  
Jie He ◽  
Jinsheng Sun
Author(s):  
César D. Fermin ◽  
Dale Martin

Otoconia of higher vertebrates are interesting biological crystals that display the diffraction patterns of perfect crystals (e.g., calcite for birds and mammal) when intact, but fail to produce a regular crystallographic pattern when fixed. Image processing of the fixed crystal matrix, which resembles the organic templates of teeth and bone, failed to clarify a paradox of biomineralization described by Mann. Recently, we suggested that inner ear otoconia crystals contain growth plates that run in different directions, and that the arrangement of the plates may contribute to the turning angles seen at the hexagonal faces of the crystals.Using image processing algorithms described earlier, and Fourier Transform function (2FFT) of BioScan Optimas®, we evaluated the patterns in the packing of the otoconia fibrils of newly hatched chicks (Gallus domesticus) inner ears. Animals were fixed in situ by perfusion of 1% phosphotungstic acid (PTA) at room temperature through the left ventricle, after intraperitoneal Nembutal (35mg/Kg) deep anesthesia. Negatives were made with a Hitachi H-7100 TEM at 50K-400K magnifications. The negatives were then placed on a light box, where images were filtered and transferred to a 35 mm camera as described.


1976 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 289-307
Author(s):  
H.G. Davies

From quantitative electron-microscope observations on the binding of permanganate to regions of erythrocytes and reticulocytes of known chemical composition, it is concluded that KMnO4, like phosphotungstic acid (PTA), binds preferentially to sites on proteins. Compared with PTA, KMnO4 binding exhibits less anomalous behaviour. The data support the hypothesis previously put forward that the 2 regions, or phases, in condensed chromatin differ in both molecular composition and concentration. The increase in binding to protein which occurs during nuclear haemolysis is interpreted in terms of protein-protein interaction in the chromatin of the intact cell.


2009 ◽  
Vol 1156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rahul Agarwal ◽  
Wouter Ruythooren

AbstractHigh yielding and high strength Cu-Cu thermo-compression bonds have been obtained at temperatures as low as 175°C. Plated Cu bumps are used for bonding, without any surface planarization step or plasma treatment, and bonding is performed at atmospheric condition. In this work the 25μm diameter bumps are used at a bump pitch of 100μm and 40μm. Low temperature bonding is achieved by using immersion bonding in citric acid. Citric acid provides in-situ cleaning of the Cu surface during the bonding process. The daisy chain electrical bonding yield ranges from 84%-100% depending on the bonding temperature and pressure.


2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Huimin Gu ◽  
Junyu Lang ◽  
Yuli Ma ◽  
Huayu Gu ◽  
Yanyong Song ◽  
...  

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 175
Author(s):  
Setijo Bismo

Conventional biodiesel synthesis through transesterification reaction pathway of the palm oil or other vegetable oils has been regarded yet as a steep process,  mainly to be implemented as fuel for  various diesel engines in Indonesia. The methanol consumption for  such process  is still  costly  as well, especially 2-3 times of free fatty acid (FFA) molar amount, which is dangerous as methanol being classified as hazardous chemicals, while the yield of palm oil methyl ester (POME) is just  70%­ volume roughly. The ozonide biodiesel synthesis is considered as a better alternative, which is quasi­-parallel ozonolysis reaction application in the conventional transesterification schema using ethanol to produce  ozonide biodiesel or ozonide methyl-ester.  The ozone gas being applied to the process is produced in situ by an ozone generator apparatus, using fresh and purified air as oxygen source, with about 5,5 g/h ozone production at 400-800 L/h air or feed flowrate. The ozonide biodiesel is favorable to ethanol (96 %-v) being used as reactant and or protic solvent than methanol, even using catalyst (zeolite/GAC) or not, at 55-72ºC and atmospheric condition. The ethanol utilization may be saved until 31,15-39,85 %-mol of conventional biodiesel process. The results obtained from the investigations give some interesting characteristics comparing to diesel fuel in Indonesia, especially better values of cetane index, BHP and torque.Keywords: Palm Oil, Biodiesel, Methyl Ester, Ethyl Ester, Ozonide, Ozonolysis AbstrakReaksi transesterifikasi yang diterapkan untuk sintesis biodiesel dari minyak sawit ataupun minyak­ minyak nabati lainnya dianggap belum memberikan perolehan yang ekonomis untuk pengadaan bahan bakar untuk mesin-mesin diesel di Indonesia. Penggunaan metanol sebesar 2-3 kali jumlah molar asam-asam lemak bebasnya (ALB) adalah tidak ekonomis sekaligus berbahaya mengingat sifatnya sebagai  bahan kimia beracun dan berbahaya (B3), sedangkan perolehan metil ester dari minyak saw it atau Palm Oil Methyl Ester (POME) hanya sekitar 70 %-v. Sintesis biodiesel ozonida dianggap sebagai alternatif yang lebih baik, yaitu aplikasi reaksi ozonolisis secara kuasi paralel dalam reaksi transesterifikasi tersebut menggunakan etanol, sehingga dihasilkan biodiesel atau etil­ester ozonida. Ozon yang digunakan merupakan produk in situ dari ozonator dengan bahan baku udara, pada laju produksi ozon sekitar 5,5 gram/jam dengan alir udara umpan 400-800 L/jam. Sintesis biodiesel ozonida ini lebih menyukai etanol (96%-v) sebagai pelarut protik dibandingkan dengan metanol, baik menggunakan katalis (zeolit/GAC) maupun tanpa katalis, pada suhu 55-72ºC dan tekanan atmosferik. Penggunaan etanol dapat dihemat sampai sekitar 31,15-39,85 %-mol dari jumlah yang diperlukan untuk sintesis biodiesel konvensional. Dari hasil uji kinerja produk biodiesel ozonidanya, didapatkan informasi tentang indeks setana, daya, dan torsi yang lebih baik dari minyak solar di Indonesia.Kata Kunci: Minyak Sawit, Biodiesel, Metil Ester, Etil Ester, Ozonida, Ozonolisis


1983 ◽  
Vol 31 (9) ◽  
pp. 1101-1108 ◽  
Author(s):  
M H Bré ◽  
M Pouphile ◽  
S Delpech ◽  
M Lefort-Tran

In avitaminosis B12, Euglena gracilis Z is blocked in the cell cycle in the S/G2 phase. In these blocked cells, transcription and traduction go on and the amount of DNA is less than doubled and remains constant during the blockage. Chromatin clumps observed in situ with classical electron microscopic methods are always condensed in control cells but are not visualized in B12 starved cells. Two cytochemical reactions, ethanolic phosphotungstic acid and ammoniacal silver reaction, specific for lysine- or arginine-rich residues, are performed to reveal basic nuclear proteins of chromatin. With these two methods, control chromatin in situ always shows a condensed aspect, whereas the starved chromatin appears dispersed. These cytochemical differences might be considered to result from a different supramolecular organization of the two kinds of chromatin.


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