What is Known about Muscle Strength Reference Values for Adults Measured by Hand-Held dynamometry: A scoping Review

ABSTRACT Objective What are the reference values of sensorimotor performance for fall risk in community-dwelling adults? How do our population norms compare to that of other populations? Are younger adults at risk of falls? Methods In a cross-sectional study design, sensorimotor functions and fall risk scores of community-dwelling adults were assessed and calculated to derive corresponding fall risk categories. Reference values were determined using the average scores by age-group. A total of 542 community-dwelling adults were recruited (21-90 years old) across 10-year (21-60 years) and 5-year age-groups (>60 years) to obtain a representative sample of community-dwelling adults in Singapore. We assessed five physiological domains: vision, proprioception, muscle strength, reaction time and postural balance, according to the Physiological Profile Assessment (PPA). Fall risk scores and the corresponding fall risk profiles were generated from an online calculator. Results Sensorimotor performance and PPA fall risk scores were significantly worse for increasing age categories (p < .01). Females had significantly slower reaction time (p < .001), lower muscle strength (p < .001) and higher fall risk (p = .008). Our representative sample of older adults (≥65 years) performed poorer in postural sway (z = −0.50) and reaction time (z = −0.55), but better in proprioception (z = 0.29) and vision (z = 0.23) compared to Caucasian norms. Among younger adults (21-59 years), 36.8% appeared to exhibit higher fall risk. Conclusions Our study presents important reference data and compared sensorimotor functions and physiological fall risk across the age groups of community-dwelling adults in a South-East Asian population. Poor sensorimotor performance and fall risk appear already pertinent in younger adults. Further studies are warranted to improve our understanding of fall risk among younger adults. Impact Statement In physical therapy practice, PPA reference values can aid clinicians in the development of targeted interventions tailored towards an individual’s physiological risk profile, addressing specific physiological systems that require particular attention.

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Reference values for hand muscle strength evaluation methods in healthy young adults

Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation ◽

10.3233/bmr-170915 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 32 (6) ◽

pp. 921-929

Author(s):

Sema Polat ◽

Emre Öğüt ◽

Pınar Göker ◽

M. Gülhal Bozkır ◽

Ahmet Hilmi Yücel

Keyword(s):

Young Adults ◽

Muscle Strength ◽

Reference Values ◽

Evaluation Methods ◽

Strength Evaluation ◽

Hand Muscle

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Return-to-Sport Criteria After Upper Extremity Surgery in Athletes—A Scoping Review, Part 1: Rotator Cuff and Shoulder Stabilization Procedures

Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine ◽

10.1177/23259671211021827 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (8) ◽

pp. 232596712110218

Author(s):

Rebecca Griffith ◽

Nickolas Fretes ◽

Ioanna K. Bolia ◽

Iain R. Murray ◽

John Meyer ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rotator Cuff ◽

Muscle Strength ◽

Range Of Motion ◽

Scoping Review ◽

Return To Sport ◽

Radiographic Evaluation ◽

Shoulder Stabilization ◽

Level Of Evidence ◽

Specific Test ◽

Definition Of

Background: Standardized criteria are lacking to guide patient return to sport (RTS) after rotator cuff surgery (RCS) or shoulder stabilization surgery (SSS). Purpose: To describe RTS criteria used after RCS and SSS in athletic populations. Study Design: Scoping review; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: This scoping review was based on the PRISMA-ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses–Scoping Review) guidelines. A total of 5 electronic databases (MEDLINE, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, Embase, Google Scholar Advanced search) and the gray literature were searched for English-language studies that reported at least 1 RTS criterion in athletes after shoulder surgery. Studies were assigned to the RCS or SSS subgroup based on the primary procedure performed. Data were extracted and summarized as frequencies or arithmetic mean and standard deviation. Results: Included were 52 studies and 2706 athletes (2206 male, 500 female, with a mean age of 28.8 ± 1.8 years). The RCS group consisted of 14 studies and the SSS group consisted of 38 studies. Time from surgery was the most common RTS criterion reported overall (37/52 studies; 71%) as well as within the RCS (93%) and SSS (63%) subgroups. Muscle strength (25/52 studies; 48%) and range of motion (23/52; 44%) were used by almost half of the included articles. RTS criteria reported less often were absence of pain, successful completion of sport-specific or position-specific test, proprioception, radiographic evaluation, patient-surgeon agreement, minimum time required to participate in pain-free throwing, and satisfactory scapulothoracic mechanics. All studies used 1 to 3 of the above RTS criteria; however, the definition of each criterion differed among the included articles. Conclusion: Time from surgery was the most commonly reported RTS criterion after RCS or SSS in athletes, whereas muscle strength and range of motion were used by almost half of the articles. There was high heterogeneity in the definition of each RTS criterion used among the included studies, which also used different combinations of 1 to 3 RTS criteria. These results suggest the need to better define quantitative and qualitative RTS criteria in athletes undergoing rotator cuff and shoulder stabilization procedures in order to safely return athletes to sport.

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Reference values for extremity muscle strength obtained by hand-held dynamometry from adults aged 20 to 79 years

Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation ◽

10.1016/s0003-9993(97)90005-8 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 78 (1) ◽

pp. 26-32 ◽

Cited By ~ 392

Author(s):

Richard W. Bohannon

Keyword(s):

Muscle Strength ◽

Reference Values

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Return-to-Sport Criteria After Upper Extremity Surgery in Athletes—A Scoping Review, Part 2: Ulnar Collateral Ligament of the Elbow Procedures

Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine ◽

10.1177/23259671211021825 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (8) ◽

pp. 232596712110218

Author(s):

Rebecca Griffith ◽

Ioanna K. Bolia ◽

Nickolas Fretes ◽

Iain R. Murray ◽

John Meyer ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Muscle Strength ◽

Upper Extremity ◽

Scoping Review ◽

English Language ◽

Physical Therapists ◽

Return To Sport ◽

Ulnar Collateral Ligament ◽

Collateral Ligament ◽

Level Of Evidence ◽

Meta Analyses

Background: There is a lack of consensus to guide patient return to sport (RTS) after elbow ulnar collateral ligament surgery (eUCLS). Purpose: To describe the reported RTS criteria after eUCLS in the athletic population. Study Design: Scoping review; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: This scoping review was performed by adhering to the PRISMA-ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses–Scoping Review) guidelines. We searched 5 electronic databases (MEDLINE, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, Embase, Google Scholar Advanced) and the gray literature for English-language studies that reported at least 1 RTS criterion in athletes after eUCLS. Data were extracted and summarized as frequencies or arithmetic mean and standard deviation. Results: Included were 14 studies and 1335 athletes with a mean age of 21.4 ± 1.1 years. Time from surgery (range, 6-16 months) was the most common RTS criterion used, and it was reported by all 14 of the included articles. RTS criteria reported less often were pain (3/14; 21%), successful completion of a throwing program (3/14; 21%), muscle strength of the forearm muscles (1/14; 7%), and “normal” range of motion and muscle strength of the elbow and shoulder joints on the operated upper extremity (1/14; 7%). All studies used 1 to 5 of the above RTS criteria. Conclusion: Only 14 studies reported 1 or more RTS criteria after eUCLS in athletes, and time was the most common RTS criterion used. Our results highlight the need for a coordinated effort among surgeons, physical therapists, and athletic trainers in order to establish evidence-based RTS criteria after eUCLS in athletes so athletes can safely to sport and prolong their athletic careers.

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Sarcopenia in Neurological Patients: Standard Values for Temporal Muscle Thickness and Muscle Strength Evaluation

Journal of Clinical Medicine ◽

10.3390/jcm9051272 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (5) ◽

pp. 1272 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Ariane Steindl ◽

Johannes Leitner ◽

Matthias Schwarz ◽

Karl-Heinz Nenning ◽

Ulrika Asenbaum ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Muscle Strength ◽

Grip Strength ◽

Reference Values ◽

Neurological Disorders ◽

Prospective Cohort ◽

Retrospective Cohort ◽

Pearson Correlation ◽

Muscle Thickness ◽

Temporal Muscle ◽

Neurological Patients

Temporal muscle thickness (TMT) was investigated as a novel surrogate marker on MRI examinations of the brain, to detect patients who may be at risk for sarcopenia. TMT was analyzed in a retrospective, normal collective cohort (n = 624), to establish standard reference values. These reference values were correlated with grip strength measurements and body mass index (BMI) in 422 healthy volunteers and validated in a prospective cohort (n = 130) of patients with various neurological disorders. Pearson correlation revealed a strong association between TMT and grip strength (retrospective cohort, ρ = 0.746; p < 0.001; prospective cohort, ρ = 0.649; p < 0.001). A low or no association was found between TMT and age (retrospective cohort, R2 correlation coefficient 0.20; p < 0.001; prospective cohort, ρ = −0.199; p = 0.023), or BMI (retrospective cohort, ρ = 0.116; p = 0.042; prospective cohort, ρ = 0.227; p = 0.009), respectively. Male patients with temporal wasting and unintended weight loss, respectively, showed significantly lower TMT values (p = 0.04 and p = 0.015, unpaired t-test). TMT showed a high correlation with muscle strength in healthy individuals and in patients with various neurological disorders. Therefore, TMT should be integrated into the diagnostic workup of neurological patients, to prevent, delay, or treat sarcopenia.

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Usability and acceptability of balance exergames in older adults: A scoping review

Health Informatics Journal ◽

10.1177/1460458215598638 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 22 (4) ◽

pp. 911-931 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

Ather Nawaz ◽

Nina Skjæret ◽

Jorunn Lægdheim Helbostad ◽

Beatrix Vereijken ◽

Elisabeth Boulton ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Video Games ◽

Muscle Strength ◽

Longitudinal Studies ◽

Scoping Review ◽

Postural Balance ◽

Serious Games ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Developmental Approach ◽

Cross Sectional Studies

Serious games (exergames) have the potential to be effective for postural balance and increasing muscle strength. Several games have been developed to increase physical fitness and balance among older adults. However, it is unclear to which degree usability and acceptability of exergames for older adults have been evaluated. The aim of this study was to summarize usability evaluation and acceptability of studies in older adults. We conducted a scoping review on studies focusing on usability of exergames for older adults. The result shows that older adults consider usability and acceptability of exercise video games good. The review shows that longitudinal studies mainly use off-the-shelf exergame and evaluated game effectiveness and acceptability, whereas cross-sectional studies focus on interactional experience. Studies varied in their approaches to measure usability and acceptability of exergames for older adults. There is a need for a systematic developmental approach to involve older adults in development of exergames for longitudinal studies.

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