Mangosteen xanthone γ-mangostin exerts lowering blood glucose effect with potentiating insulin sensitivity through the mediation of AMPK/PPARγ

We examined the effects of vanadium sulfate (VOSO4) treatment at 5 and 10 mg/kg for 30 days on endocrine pancreas activity and histology in nondiabetic and STZ-induced diabetic rats. In diabetic group, blood glucose levels significantly increased while insulinemia level markedly decreased. At the end of treatment, VOSO4at a dose of 10 mg/Kg normalized blood glucose level in diabetic group, restored insulinemia, and significantly improved insulin sensitivity. VOSO4also increased in a dose-dependent manner the number of insulin immunopositive beta cells in pancreatic islets of nondiabetic rats. Furthermore, in the STZ-diabetic group, the decrease in the number of insulin immunopositive beta cells was corrected to reach the control level mainly with the higher dose of vanadium. Therefore, VOSO4treatment normalized plasma glucose and insulin levels and improved insulin sensitivity in STZ-experimental diabetes and induced beta cells proliferation and/or regeneration in normal or diabetic rats.

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Pre-exercise breakfast ingestion: blood glucose effect during a low intensity exercise

Fitness & Performance Journal ◽

10.3900/fpj.4.5.261.e ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 4 (5) ◽

pp. 261-273

Author(s):

Paula Guedes Cocade

Keyword(s):

Blood Glucose ◽

Glucose Effect ◽

Low Intensity ◽

Low Intensity Exercise

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Consumption of Whole Eggs Promotes Insulin Sensitivity in Db/db Mice (OR34-01-19)

Current Developments in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/cdn/nzz031.or34-01-19 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽

Author(s):

Peiran Lu ◽

Lei Wu ◽

Xin Guo ◽

Siau Yen Wong ◽

Stephen Clarke ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Blood Glucose ◽

Insulin Sensitivity ◽

Cholesterol Synthesis ◽

Respiratory Activity ◽

High Cholesterol ◽

Egg Consumption ◽

Type 2 Diabetic ◽

Mitochondrial Respiratory Activity

Abstract Objectives Chicken eggs have a high nutrient density. Some country guidelines recommend that people with type 2 diabetes (T2D) limit their consumption of eggs due to its high cholesterol content. However, several clinical studies showed that egg intake is associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes. In the current study, we sought to explore whether egg consumption improves insulin sensitivity and subsequent blood glucose management in type 2 diabetic db/db mice. Methods Six-week-old male db/db mice were fed a low-fat diet (LFD, 10 kCal % from fat) or LFD supplemented with 1% whole eggs (Egg) for 8 weeks. At the termination of the study, mice were fasted for 3 hrs prior to euthanization. Blood and other tissues were collected for laboratory assessments. Plasma metabolic parameters and pro-inflammatory cytokines were monitored by a clinical analyzer and ELISA, respectively. Hepatic and skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiratory activity was assessed by a Seahorse XFe Analyzer. Hepatic gene expression was analyzed by transcriptomics and confirmed by real-time PCR and/or Western blot. Results Egg consumption significantly increased body weight gain, lowered fasting blood glucose, insulin, and IL-6 levels, and elevated total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, and GLP-1 levels. Only the basal mitochondrial respiratory activity was decreased, and the complex II respiratory activity was increased in gastrocnemius muscles in mice fed Egg. Hepatic mitochondrial activity was not altered by diet. Mechanistically, transcriptomics results revealed that hepatic genes involved in enhanced insulin sensitivity were highly expressed, but genes in endogenous cholesterol synthesis were significantly suppressed after egg consumption. Conclusions The results suggest that egg consumption is beneficial to blood glucose control in type 2 diabetic mice. Type 2 diabetic animal could manage the cholesterol level through suppression of de novo cholesterol synthesis when consuming a high cholesterol diet, e.g., egg diet. Funding Sources National egg nutrition center grant USDA NIFA grant

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Pioglitazone Increases Insulin Sensitivity, Reduces Blood Glucose, Insulin, and Lipid Levels, and Lowers Blood Pressure, in Obese, Insulin-Resistant Rhesus Monkeys

Diabetes ◽

10.2337/diab.43.2.204 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 43 (2) ◽

pp. 204-211 ◽

Cited By ~ 63

Author(s):

J. W. Kemnitz ◽

D. F. Elson ◽

E. B. Roecker ◽

S. T. Baum ◽

R. N. Bergman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Blood Glucose ◽

Insulin Sensitivity ◽

Rhesus Monkeys ◽

Lipid Levels ◽

Insulin Resistant

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Relationship of Blood Glucose to Changes in "Insulin Sensitivity" During Insulin Shock Therapy

Archives of Neurology And Psychiatry ◽

10.1001/archneurpsyc.1957.02330390003001 ◽

1957 ◽

Vol 78 (3) ◽

pp. 221

Author(s):

IVAN F. BENNETT

Keyword(s):

Blood Glucose ◽

Insulin Sensitivity ◽

Shock Therapy ◽

Insulin Shock ◽

Relationship Of

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Hypoglycemic effects and mechanisms of electroacupuncture on insulin resistance

AJP Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpregu.00465.2013 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 307 (3) ◽

pp. R332-R339 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Jieyun Yin ◽

Jian Kuang ◽

Manisha Chandalia ◽

Demidmaa Tuvdendorj ◽

Batbayar Tumurbaatar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Insulin Resistance ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Blood Glucose ◽

Insulin Sensitivity ◽

Free Fatty Acid ◽

Glucose Tolerance ◽

High Fat Diet ◽

Postprandial Glucose ◽

Tolerance Test ◽

High Fat

The aim of this study was to investigate effects and mechanisms of electroacupuncture (EA) on blood glucose and insulin sensitivity in mice fed a high-fat diet. Both wild-type (WT) and adipose ectonucleotide pyrophosphate phosphodiesterase (ENPP1) transgenic (TG) mice were fed a high-fat diet for 12 wk; for each mouse, an intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT) and insulin tolerance test (ITT) were performed with or without EA at abdomen or auricular areas. A high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance in both WT and TG mice. In the WT mice, EA at 3 Hz and 15 Hz, but not at 1 Hz or 100 Hz, via CV4+CV12 significantly reduced postprandial glucose levels; EA at 3 Hz was most potent. The glucose level was reduced by 61.7% at 60 min and 74.5% at 120 min with EA at 3 Hz (all P < 0.001 vs. control). Similar hypoglycemic effect was noted in the TG mice. On the contrary, EA at auricular points increased postprandial glucose level ( P < 0.03). 4). EA at 3 Hz via CV4+CV12 significantly enhanced the decrease of blood glucose after insulin injection, suggesting improvement of insulin sensitivity. Plasma free fatty acid was significantly suppressed by 42.5% at 15 min and 50.8% at 30 min with EA ( P < 0.01) in both WT and TG mice. EA improves glucose tolerance in both WT and TG mice fed a high-fat diet, and the effect is associated with stimulation parameters and acupoints and is probably attributed to the reduction of free fatty acid.

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TIMING OF ACUTE PASSIVE HEATING ON GLUCOSE TOLERANCE AND BLOOD PRESSURE IN PEOPLE WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES: A RANDOMIZED, BALANCED CROSSOVER, CONTROL TRIAL

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/japplphysiol.00747.2020 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Thomas Joseph James ◽

Jo Corbett ◽

Michael H. Cummings ◽

Sharon Allard ◽

John S. Young ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Blood Glucose ◽

Insulin Sensitivity ◽

Glucose Tolerance ◽

Microvascular Dysfunction ◽

Oral Glucose ◽

Passive Heating ◽

Chronic Hyperglycemia

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by chronic hyperglycemia and progressive insulin resistance, leading to macro and microvascular dysfunction. Passive heating has potential to improve glucose homeostasis and act as an exercise mimetic. We assessed the effect of acute passive heating before or during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in people with T2DM. Twelve people with T2DM were randomly assigned to 3 conditions:1) 3 h OGTT (CON); 2) 1 h passive heating (40 °C water) 30 min before an OGTT (HOT-OGTT); and 3) 1 h passive heating (40 °C water) 30 min after commencing an OGTT (OGTT-HOT). Blood [glucose], insulin sensitivity, extracellular heat shock protein 70 (eHSP70), total energy expenditure (TEE), heart rate (HR), systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were recorded. Passive heating did not alter blood [glucose] (CON, 1,677 (386) a.u.; HOT-OGTT, 1,797 (340) a.u.; OGTT-HOT, 1,662 (364) a.u.; P = 0.28), insulin sensitivity (P = 0.15), or SBP (P = 0.18), but did increase [eHSP70] in both heating conditions (CON, 203.48 (110.81) pg·mL-1; HOT-OGTT, 402.47 (79.02) pg·mL-1; OGTT-HOT, 310.00 (60.53) pg·mL-1; P < 0.001), increased TEE (via fat oxidation) in the OGTT-HOT condition (CON, 263 (33) kcal; HOT-OGTT, 278 (40) kcal; OGTT-HOT, 304 (38) kcal; P = 0.001), increased HR in both heating conditions (P < 0.001) and reduced DBP in OGTT-HOT condition (P < 0.01). Passive heating in close proximity to a glucose challenge does not alter glucose tolerance but does increase [eHSP70] and TEE, and reduce blood pressure in people with T2DM.

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Effects of Exenatide and Humalog Mix25 on Fat Distribution, Insulin Sensitivity, and β-Cell Function in Normal BMI Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Visceral Adiposity

Journal of Diabetes Research ◽

10.1155/2020/9783859 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-11

Author(s):

Xinlei Wang ◽

Xiaoqin Zhao ◽

Yunjuan Gu ◽

Xiaohui Zhu ◽

Tong Yin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Adipose Tissue ◽

Blood Glucose ◽

Insulin Sensitivity ◽

Magnetic Resonance ◽

Cell Function ◽

Visceral Adiposity ◽

Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 ◽

Resonance Spectroscopy

In China, most normal BMI (body mass index of ≥18.5 to <25 kg/m2) adults with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) exhibit visceral adiposity. This study compared the effects of exenatide and humalog Mix25 on normal BMI patients with T2DM and visceral adiposity. A total of 95 patients were randomized to receive either exenatide or humalog Mix25 treatment for 24 weeks. Subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) were quantified by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and liver fat content (LFC) by liver proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H MRS). Each patient’s weight, waist circumference, BMI, blood glucose, insulin sensitivity, pancreatic β-cell function, and fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21) levels were measured. Data from 81 patients who completed the study (40 and 41 in the exenatide and humalog Mix25 groups, respectively) were analysed. The change in 2 h plasma blood glucose was greater in the exenatide group (P=0.039). HOMA-IR and MBCI improved significantly after exenatide therapy (P<0.01, P=0.045). VAT and LFC decreased in both groups (P<0.01 for all) but to a greater extent in the exenatide group, while SAT only decreased with exenatide therapy (P<0.01). FGF-21 levels declined more in the exenatide group (P<0.01), but were positively correlated with VAT in the entire cohort before (r=0.244, P=0.043) and after (r=0.290, P=0.016) the intervention. The effects of exenatide on glycaemic metabolism, insulin resistance, pancreatic β-cell function, and fat deposition support its administration to normal BMI patients with T2DM and visceral adiposity.

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MON-613 The Expression of TBC1 Domain Family, Member 4 (TBC1D4) in Skeletal Muscles of Insulin-Resistant Mice in Response to Sulforaphane

Journal of the Endocrine Society ◽

10.1210/jendso/bvaa046.554 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽

Author(s):

Nasser M Rizk ◽

Amina Saleh ◽

Abdelrahman ElGamal ◽

Dina Elsayegh ◽

Isin Cakir ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Blood Glucose ◽

Insulin Sensitivity ◽

Skeletal Muscles ◽

Glucose Disposal ◽

Domain Family ◽

Insulin Resistant ◽

Glucose Levels ◽

Blood Glucose Levels

Abstract The Expression of TBC1 Domain Family, member 4 (TBC1D4) in Skeletal Muscles of Insulin-Resistant Mice in Response to Sulforaphane. Background: Obesity is commonly accompanied by impaired glucose homeostasis. Decreased glucose transport to the peripheral tissues, mainly skeletal muscle, leads to reduced total glucose disposal and hyperglycemia. TBC1D4 gene is involved in the trafficking of GLUT4 to the outer cell membrane in skeletal muscle. Sulforaphane (SFN) has been suggested as a new potential anti-diabetic compound acting by reducing blood glucose levels through mechanisms not fully understood (1). The aim of this study is to investigate the effects SFN on TBC1D4 and GLUT4 gene expression in skeletal muscles of DIO mice, in order to elucidate the mechanism(s) through which SFN improves glucose homeostasis. Methodology: C57BL/6 mice (n=20) were fed with a high fat diet (60%) for 16 weeks to generate diet induced obese (DIO) mice with body weights between 45–50 gm. Thereafter, DIO mice received either SFN (5mg/kg BW) (n=10) or vehicle (n=10) as controls daily by intraperitoneal injections for four weeks. Glucose tolerance test (1g/kg BW, IP) and insulin sensitivity test (ITT) were conducted (1 IU insulin/ g BW, IP route) at the beginning and end of the third week of the injection. At the end of 4 weeks of the injection, samples of blood and skeletal muscles of both hindlimbs were collected. The expression levels of GLUT4 and TBC1D4 genes were analyzed by qRT-PCR. Blood was also used for glucose, adiponectin and insulin measurements. Results: SFN-treated DIO mice had significantly lower non-fasting blood glucose levels than vehicle-treated mice (194.16 ± 14.12 vs. 147.44 ± 20.31 mg/dL, vehicle vs. SFN, p value=0.0003). Furthermore, GTT results indicate that the blood glucose levels at 120 minutes after glucose infusion in was (199.83±34.53 mg/dl vs. 138.55±221.78 mg/dl) for vehicle vs. SFN with p=0.0011 respectively. ITT showed that SFN treatment did not enhance insulin sensitivity in DIO mice. Additionally, SFN treatment did not significantly change the expression of TBC1D4, and GLUT4 genes in skeletal muscles compared to vehicle treatment (p values >0.05). Furthermore, SFN treatment did not significantly affect the systemic insulin (1.84±0.74 vs 1.54±0.55 ng/ml, p=0.436), or adiponectin (11.96 ±2.29 vs 14.4±3.33 ug/ml, p=0.551) levels in SFN vs. vehicle-treated DIO mice, respectively. Conclusion: SFN treatment improves glucose disposal in DIO mice, which is not linked to the gene expression of GLUT4 and TBC1D4 and its mechanism of glucose disposal in skeletal muscles. Furthermore, SFN treatment did not improve insulin level, and the insulin sensitizer hormone adiponectin as potential players for enhancing insulin sensitivity. 1. Axelsson AS, Tubbs E, Mecham B, Chacko S, Nenonen HA, Tang Y, et al. Sci Transl Med. 2017;9(394).

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