Process integration possibilities for biodiesel production from palm oil using ethanol obtained from lignocellulosic residues of oil palm industry

This study was to determine the carrying capacity of palm oil plantation and oil palm industry waste could be used as beef cattle feed in West Sumatra. This study used a desk study method, it was the activity that searched secondary data such as the results of other relevant studies, official documents and other important records in several government agencies and other relevant institutions. The analysis showed people carrying capacity of palm oil plantations folk in West Sumatra with the utilization of forage, leaves no stick and palm frond as cattle feed as a whole can accommodate about 390 913 head of cattle. While carrying capacity of byproduct of palm oil processing wastes amounted to 465 812 head of cattle. Overall, therefore, the palm oil plantation folk, the state and the private sector is able to provide beef cattle feed to 856 725 head of cattle. It concluded that beef cattle still have a chancethe to be developed by use oil palm plantation and byproducts as a substitute for forages.Key words: oil palm plantation, carrying capacity, oil palm industry waste, beef cattle feed

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A Review of Southeast Asian Oil Palm and Its CO2 Fluxes

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su12125077 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (12) ◽

pp. 5077 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Royston Uning ◽

Mohd Talib Latif ◽

Murnira Othman ◽

Liew Juneng ◽

Norfazrin Mohd Hanif ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Co2 Emissions ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Oil Palm ◽

Oil Production ◽

Southeast Asian ◽

Co2 Fluxes ◽

Asian Countries ◽

Peat Swamp ◽

Oil Palm Industry ◽

Southeast Asian Countries

Palm oil production is a key industry in tropical regions, driven by the demand for affordable vegetable oil. Palm oil production has been increasing by 9% every year, mostly due to expanding biofuel markets. However, the oil palm industry has been associated with key environmental issues, such as deforestation, peatland exploitation and biomass burning that release carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere, leading to climate change. This review therefore aims to discuss the characteristics of oil palm plantations and their impacts, especially CO2 emissions in the Southeast Asian region. The tropical climate and soil in Southeast Asian countries, such as Malaysia and Indonesia, are very suitable for growing oil palm trees. However, due to the scarcity of available plantation areas deforestation occurs, especially in peat swamp areas. Total carbon losses from both biomass and peat due to the conversion of tropical virgin peat swamp forest into oil palm plantations are estimated to be around 427.2 ± 90.7 t C ha−1 and 17.1 ± 3.6 t C ha−1 year−1, respectively. Even though measured CO2 fluxes have shown that overall, oil palm plantation CO2 emissions are about one to two times higher than other major crops, the ability of oil palms to absorb CO2 (a net of 64 tons of CO2 per hectare each year) and produce around 18 tons of oxygen per hectare per year is one of the main advantages of this crop. Since the oil palm industry plays a crucial role in the socio-economic development of Southeast Asian countries, sustainable and environmentally friendly practices would provide economic benefits while minimizing environmental impacts. A comprehensive review of all existing oil plantation procedures is needed to ensure that this high yielding crop has highly competitive environmental benefits.

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An EMG Study for the Application of New Harvesting Oil Palm Fruit Device to Reduce MSDs

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.786.393 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 786 ◽

pp. 393-397

Author(s):

Roejhan Md Kawi ◽

Z.B. Razali ◽

Muhammad Naufal Mansor ◽

C.D.M. Asyraf

Keyword(s):

Musculoskeletal Disorders ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Oil Palm ◽

Farm Workers ◽

Palm Fruit ◽

New Device ◽

Harvesting Process ◽

Oil Palm Industry ◽

Awkward Posture ◽

Conventional Device

Farm workers in the Oil Palm industry in Malaysia are extremely exposed to the risk of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) which is directly affected to the production outputs. This paper is to discuss the way to reduce the MSDs biomechanical load by using a new design of ergonomic palm oil fruit harvesting device. According to the observation, manual harvesting process by using conventional device or device was highly risk to undergo MSDs due to repetitive awkward posture. Thus, new device is proposed for reducing the effect of MSDs. Electromyography (EMG) evaluation was conducted to determine the reliability and the efficiency of the proposed method to reduce the risk of MSDs. Results of EMG show that the using of the proposed device provides less pain compare to the conventional device.

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Review on palm oil contaminants related to 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3- MCPD) and glycidyl esters (GE)

Food Research ◽

10.26656/fr.2017.4(s6).051 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (S6) ◽

pp. 11-18

Author(s):

S.N. Sulin ◽

M.N. Mokhtar ◽

M.A.P. Mohammed ◽

A.S. Baharuddin

Keyword(s):

Food Safety ◽

Human Health ◽

Vegetable Oils ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Oil Palm ◽

National Income ◽

Mitigation Strategies ◽

Glycidyl Esters ◽

Oil Palm Industry

The issue of food safety is a major concern in the oil palm industry as it will affect national income. 3-MCPD and GE are contaminants formed during the refining of palm oil, mainly in the deodorization step. Palm oil was reported to contain one of the highest levels of these contaminants amongst all vegetable oils. Both 3-MCPD and GE are characterized as a possible risk to human health. This review aimed to provide a comprehensive summary of the 3-MCPD and GE precursors and mitigation strategies to minimize the 3-MCPD and GE formation. Therefore, the oil palm industry should address these issues and find ways to comply with food laws, acts, regulations, and standards enforced by local and international authorities.

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Brief Review on the Controversies around Oil Palm (Elaeis Guineensis Jacq.) Production and Palm Oil Consumption

International Journal of Regional Development ◽

10.5296/ijrd.v3i2.9418 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 60 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Godswill Ntsomboh Ntsefong ◽

Hermine Ngalle-Bille ◽

Walter Ajambang ◽

Benoit Constant Likeng-Li-Ngue ◽

Tabi-Mbi Kingsley ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Oil Palm ◽

Elaeis Guineensis ◽

Saturated Fatty Acids ◽

Oil Quality ◽

Human Consumption ◽

Oil Consumption ◽

Oil Palm Industry ◽

Environmentally Friendly Production

Palm oil from <em>Elaeis guineensis</em> Jacq. of the Arecaceae family is the main traditional cooking oil in most parts of tropical Africa. Oil palm cultivation requires large areas of land and the consumption of crude palm oil from it raises health concerns notably with regards to the incidence of cardiovascular disease and obesity. The industry has therefore been faced with two major controversies. Firstly, palm oil which contains about 50% saturated fatty acids is considered to be unhealthy for human consumption because its saturated fatty acids raise blood LDL cholesterol level and increase the risk of the above mentioned diseases. Secondly, due to its land intensive nature, the oil palm industry is linked to deforestation, climate change and socioeconomic instability. For these reasons, the oil palm industry has been at the forefront of environmental and reputational challenges. This paper briefly presents an overview of these controversies surrounding the oil palm industry, while highlighting the possible outlets for environmentally friendly production processes and improvement strategies for better oil quality.

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Biorefinery for the Production of Biodiesel, Hydrogen and Synthesis Gas Integrated with CHP from Oil Palm in Malaysia

Chemical Product and Process Modeling ◽

10.1515/cppm-2015-0050 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 305-314 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Bamidele V. Ayodele ◽

Chin Kui Cheng

Keyword(s):

Palm Oil ◽

Oil Palm ◽

Energy Demand ◽

Palm Kernel ◽

Material Balance ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Total Production ◽

Palm Kernel Shell ◽

Whole Process ◽

By Products

Abstract Malaysia is presently the world’s largest exporter of palm oil with total production of 19.22 million tonnes of crude palm oil (CPO) in 2013. Aside CPO, by-products such as empty fruit bunch (EFB), palm kernel shell (PKS), palm kernel oil (PKO), palm kernel cake (PKC) and pressed palm fibres (PPF) are produced from the palm oil mills. These biomasses can be used as potential feedstock for the production of biofuels, biogas and bioelectricity. One of the ways to fully harness the potentials of these biomasses is by employing the biorefinery concepts where all the products and by-products from oil palm are utilized for production of valuable bio-products. In this study, technological feasibility of biorefinery for the production of biodiesel, hydrogen, Fischer-Tropsch liquids (FTLs) integrated with combined heat and power (CHP) generation was investigated. Flowsheet was designed for each of the processes using Aspen HYSYS® v 8.0. Material balance was performed on a palm oil mill processing 250 tonnes per year of fresh fruit palm (FFP). Results from the material balance shows that 45.1 tonnes of refined bleached deodorized palm oil (RDBPO) and 52.4 tonnes of EFB were available for the production of biodiesel, hydrogen, FTLs and the CHP generation. The annual plant capacity of the biodiesel production is estimated to be 26,331.912 tonnes. The overall energy consumption of the whole process was estimated to be 36.0 GJ/h. This energy demand was met with power generated from the CHP which is 792 GJ/h leaving a surplus of 756 GJ/h that can be sold to the grid. The process modelling and simulation of the biorefinery process shows technological feasibility of producing valuable products from oil palm.

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Renewable Energy for Environmental Protection: Life Cycle Inventory of Nigeria’s Palm Oil Production

10.31219/osf.io/98eyx ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Kelechi E Anyaoha ◽

Lulu Zhang

Keyword(s):

Renewable Energy ◽

Life Cycle ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Oil Palm ◽

Large Scale ◽

Ghg Emissions ◽

Palm Kernel ◽

Fresh Fruit Bunch ◽

Technology Advancement ◽

Oil Palm Industry

Energy consumption and associated greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions will increase significantly in the developing world. Scaling up bioenergy use and reducing GHG emissions is vital to achieving the Nationally Determined Contributions and advance the greener economy. This study explored the life cycle inventories of Nigeria’s palm oil processors towards supporting technology advancement and renewable energy transition in the African oil palm industry. We compiled a gate-to-gate life cycle inventory of large-scale, semi-mechanized, and smallholder processors of oil palm fresh fruit bunch in Nigeria. The inventory includes materials and energy inputs to the system and outputs and emissions to the environment. The inputs are diesel, water, electricity, empty fruit bunch, palm kernel shell and mesocarp fibre for a functional unit of 1 tonne of fresh fruit bunch while the outputs include crude palm oil, palm kernel, and all emissions to air and soil. Carbon dioxide (CO2) and dinitrogen oxide (N2O) emissions were 47% and 73% more in the smallholder mills than in the large-scale mills, respectively. The semi-mechanized mills produced 73% more N2O than the large-scale mills. In contrast, large-scale mills emit 71% more methane (CH4) than smallholder and semi-mechanized mills. The study reveals critical hot spots of GHG emissions in Nigeria’s oil palm industry, including CO2, N2O, and CH4 from the smallholder, semi-mechanized, and large-scale processors, respectively. These findings will contribute to supporting policymaking, technology advancement, and promoting the use of bioenergy within and outside the industry as an essential strategy for mitigating climate change.

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The oil palm industry

Outlook on Agriculture ◽

10.1177/003072708501400408 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 14 (4) ◽

pp. 204-212

Author(s):

Colin Barlow

Keyword(s):

Palm Oil ◽

Oil Palm ◽

Main Product ◽

Edible Fats ◽

Tropical Areas ◽

Oil Palm Industry ◽

Year 2000

The oil palm (Elaeis guineesis Jacq) is the highest yielding of all oil-bearing plants. It grows in tropical areas, and does best with a rainfall of 2000 mm or more per year, no marked dry or wet seasons, and considerable sunshine. Recently its area has expanded rapidly, and by the year 2000 its main product, palm oil, which is used primarily for making margarine and other edible fats, is expected to have almost quadrupled its present output.

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A Survey on the Barriers of Benchmarking Implementation in Malaysia Oil Palm Industry

Jurnal Teknologi ◽

10.11113/jt.v59.2556 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 59 (2) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Fatimah Mahmud ◽

Baba Md Deros ◽

Dzuraidah Abdul Wahab ◽

Mohd Nizam Ab Rahman

Keyword(s):

Best Practices ◽

Process Improvement ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Oil Palm ◽

Success Factors ◽

Management Culture ◽

Critical Success ◽

Survey Results ◽

Oil Palm Industry ◽

It Benchmarking

Malaysia is the largest producer and exporter of palm oil. Nevertheless, Malaysia may soon lose its position if there are lacks of initiatives to sustain it. Benchmarking can be used to stimulate process improvement by determining best practices across oil palm organizations through understanding critical success factors which enabled higher performance in leading organizations. The main objective of this paper is to identify benchmarking barriers that hinder or disrupt the benchmarking implementation in oil palm industry. To achieve these objectives, 700 sets of questionnaire were distributed among oil palm planters and millers in Malaysia. The survey results had indicated that the three main obstacles faced in implementing benchmarking in oil palm industry are: lack of understanding of benchmarking knowledge, lack of clarity with regard to specific areas to be benchmarked and management culture. In the authors’ opinion this survey findings would be useful and considerable interest to all level of benchmarking practitioners in the oil palm industry.

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