scholarly journals Brief Review on the Controversies around Oil Palm (Elaeis Guineensis Jacq.) Production and Palm Oil Consumption

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Godswill Ntsomboh Ntsefong ◽  
Hermine Ngalle-Bille ◽  
Walter Ajambang ◽  
Benoit Constant Likeng-Li-Ngue ◽  
Tabi-Mbi Kingsley ◽  
...  

Palm oil from <em>Elaeis guineensis</em> Jacq. of the Arecaceae family is the main traditional cooking oil in most parts of tropical Africa. Oil palm cultivation requires large areas of land and the consumption of crude palm oil from it raises health concerns notably with regards to the incidence of cardiovascular disease and obesity. The industry has therefore been faced with two major controversies. Firstly, palm oil which contains about 50% saturated fatty acids is considered to be unhealthy for human consumption because its saturated fatty acids raise blood LDL cholesterol level and increase the risk of the above mentioned diseases. Secondly, due to its land intensive nature, the oil palm industry is linked to deforestation, climate change and socioeconomic instability. For these reasons, the oil palm industry has been at the forefront of environmental and reputational challenges. This paper briefly presents an overview of these controversies surrounding the oil palm industry, while highlighting the possible outlets for environmentally friendly production processes and improvement strategies for better oil quality.

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1030
Author(s):  
Arutchelvam Balakrishnan ◽  
Mohd Ibnur Syawal Zakaria ◽  
Bee Aik Tan ◽  
Jaime Yoke Sum Low ◽  
Shwu Fun Kua ◽  
...  

The processing of oil palm fresh fruit bunches (FFB), together with loose fruits, in the current mill operation contributes to oil loss and high free fatty acids (FFA), affecting crude palm oil quality. Fruit detachment induced by ethephon and ethylene may mitigate the current processing issues. This study shows that a 0.50% (v/v) ethephon application by the evaporation method induced the highest fruit detachment of 30.8 ± 1.1% after 24 h at room temperature, with the FFA content in the extracted crude palm oil at 0.34 ± 0.09%. Ethephon application was effective on bunches between 14 and 28 kg, and fruit detachment was higher in ripe and underripe bunches at 24.1 ± 0.9% and 23.2 ± 0.1%, respectively. A significant fruit detachment of 47.2 ± 2.4% was achieved when the bunches were also stripped mechanically, but the FFA content increased almost 4-fold, from 1.0 ± 0.2% to 3.8 ± 1.2%. The application of ethylene gas at 750 ppm yielded 29.4 ± 1.9% fruit detachment. The findings present the possibility of using ethylene as an indirect method for minimizing oil loss without increasing the FFA content in future crude palm oil production systems.


Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 290
Author(s):  
Hernán Mauricio Romero ◽  
Edison Daza ◽  
Iván Ayala-Díaz ◽  
Rodrigo Ruiz-Romero

Interspecific OxG hybrids of African palm Elaeis guineensis Jacq. and the American palm Elaeis oleifera Cortes produce high-oleic palm oil (HOPO) with low saturated fatty acid content. OxG hybrids are highly productive, grow slowly, and are resistant to bud rot disease. However, OxG hybrid pollen presents low viability and germinability, so assisted pollination is a must. Hybrids can produce parthenocarpic or seedless fruits, with the exogenous application of plant growth regulators. Thus, naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) effects on parthenocarpic fruits induction, bunch formation, and oil quality were evaluated. The OxG hybrid Coari x La Mé was used. NAA doses, frequency, number of applications, and the phenological stages for the treatments were defined. A total dose of 1200 mg L−1 NAA applied three or four times produced bunches with better fruit set, similar average bunch weight, and oil to dry mesocarp than those obtained with assisted pollination. At a semi-commercial scale, 1200 mg L−1 NAA induced bunches that consisted of 93% or more of seedless fruits. Bunch number (2208 ± 84 versus 1690 ± 129) and oil to bunch (32.2 ± 0.7 versus 25.3 ± 0.8) were higher in the NAA induced bunches than in the assisted pollination. However, the average bunch weight was lower (12.2 ± 0.4 versus 14.9 ± 0.6). NAA increased oil to bunch in 36% (8.7 ± 0.1 versus 6.4 ± 0.3). Thus, with this technology, it is plausible to reach more than 10 tons per hectare per year of HOPO. Potentially, without increasing the planted oil palm area, OxG hybrids and NAA applications could alone meet the world’s fats and oil demands.


2016 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 127-142
Author(s):  
Heri Adriwan Siregar ◽  
Sri Wening ◽  
Abdul Razak Purba

Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) is currently the highest edible oil-producing plant in the world. E. oleifera is another species of oil palm that is not widely cultivated due to lower productivity. Oil extracted from E. guineensis has a balance ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids level, while E. oleifera has a higher unsaturated fatty acids. Long chain saturated fatty acids are more harmful for human health than unsaturated fatty acids. Gene encoding β-ketoacyl ACP synthase II (KAS II, EC 2.3.1.179) was studied, as this enzyme is responsible for biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids. Observation and analysis were conducted for KAS II gene and fatty acids content of E. guineensis represented by DxP Lame, DxP Langkat and CMR78 samples, E. oleifera represented by Suriname origin, and two hybrids (E. guineensis x E. oleifera (Brazil and Suriname)). The results showed E. oleifera Suriname had the highest concentration of oleic acid, followed by E. guineensis (CMR78). KAS II gene sequences alignment showed some genetic variation within E. guineensis and hybrids, while the high level of variation found between E. guineensis and E. oleifera was considered caused by species difference.


2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-10
Author(s):  
Upit Sarimana ◽  
Dwi Putro Priadi ◽  
Mery Hasmeda ◽  
Pratiwi Erika ◽  
Javier Herrero ◽  
...  

Palm oil has supplied more than 30% of vegetable oil consumption worldwide. Rising demand has pushed oil palm plantations to increase the yield. It is well known that genetic has played a significant role in phenotypic performance. Moreover, in recent years, genomic data has emerged tremendously. Unfortunately on the gene related to oil palm yield. Therefore, a preliminary study to classify and select oil palm candidate genes associated with characteristic by scanning existing genes in oil palm or other in-silico species were conducted. Based on Blast2Go results, 22 genes related to oil biosynthesis, two specifically related to fruit number and fruit weight were analysed. Furthermore, 19 candidate genes were able to amplify.


1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 313-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony U. Osagie ◽  
Maureen E. Bafor

Changes in triacylglycerol pattern in the mesocarp of developing oil palm fruit were studied. The triacylglycerols were isolated by thin-layer chromatography of the neutral lipid fraction on silica gel plates and further resolved by argentation chromatography. The component fatty acids of individual triacylglycerols were analysed and particular distributions and changes were noted. The triacylglycerol content increased with mesocarp age, accounting for over 90% of the mature mesocarp neutral lipids. The immature fruit mesocarp triacylglycerols contained predominantly saturated fatty acids, whereas the major fatty acid component of the mature fruit mesocarp triacylglycerols was monounsaturated. Only one species of triacylglycerol was present in the mesocarp during the first 14 weeks after anthesis. Three triacylglycerol species were present at 16 weeks after anthesis, whereas six triacylglycerol species were identified from 17 weeks on.Key words: Elaeis guineensis, oil palm mesocarp, triacylglycerols, fatty acids, maturation.


2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 127-142
Author(s):  
Heri Adriwan Siregar ◽  
Sri Wening ◽  
Abdul Razak Purba

Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) is currently the highest edible oil-producing plant in the world. E. oleifera is another species of oil palm that is not widely cultivated due to lower productivity. Oil extracted from E. guineensis has a balance ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids level, while E. oleifera has a higher unsaturated fatty acids. Long chain saturated fatty acids are more harmful for human health than unsaturated fatty acids. Gene encoding β-ketoacyl ACP synthase II (KAS II, EC 2.3.1.179) was studied, as this enzyme is responsible for biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids. Observation and analysis were conducted for KAS II gene and fatty acids content of E. guineensis represented by DxP Lame, DxP Langkat and CMR78 samples, E. oleifera represented by Suriname origin, and two hybrids (E. guineensis x E. oleifera (Brazil and Suriname)). The results showed E. oleifera Suriname had the highest concentration of oleic acid, followed by E. guineensis (CMR78). KAS II gene sequences alignment showed some genetic variation within E. guineensis and hybrids, while the high level of variation found between E. guineensis and E. oleifera was considered caused by species difference.


2018 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 40-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enyoh Christian Ebere ◽  
Verla Andrew Wirnkor ◽  
Enyoh Emmanuel Chinedu ◽  
Verla Evelyn Ngozi

Over 70 % inhabitants of Imo state pend on palm oil for their cooking, frying etc. The study reviews available data on palm oil quality produced locally in Imo state with a view of providing up-to-date information and identify research gaps that could have health consequences on consumers. Peer reviewed scientific articles were reviewed and a meta-analysis of four different scientific research databases, PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar and Directory for Open-Access Journals was conducted. The result showed that palm oil produced locally in Imo state has average of pH (4.73), acid value (28.3 mg/KOH), FFA (14.15 mg/KOH), smoke point (115°C), iodine value (1.68 wijj’s), saponification value (197.07 mgKOH/g), ester value (168.77), moisture content (0.44 %), density (0.89 g/ml), SG (0.91), peroxide value (17.75 mEq./kg), refractive index (1.46oBx) and viscocity (60.04 cps). Overall palm oil is highly degraded and of poor quality since major quality indicators are not within Nigerian Industrial Standard and Standard Organization of Nigeria. Also, there is a dearth of information/data available on quality of palm oil produced locally in Imo state especially on its microbial status. Food scientist should look in that direction to enhance proper understanding of the quality of palm oil.


2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 130-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruy Guilherme Correia ◽  
Antonio Cesar Silva Lima ◽  
Antonio Carlos Centeno Cordeiro ◽  
Francisco Clemilto Da Silva Maciel ◽  
Walmer Bruno Rocha Martins ◽  
...  

Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar a flutuação populacional de Rhynchophorus palmarum L. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) em plantios de Elaeis guineensis Jacq, em ecossistemas de savana e floresta no estado de Roraima. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida durante o período de janeiro de 2011 a fevereiro de 2012 nos campos experimentais da Embrapa Roraima: Monte Cristo e Caroebe, numa área de 2 hectares com a cultura da Palma de Óleo, em cada campo. Foram distribuídas armadilhas iscadas com roletes de cana-de-açúcar e feromônio de agregação para captura dos insetos no entorno dos plantios. Ocorreu flutuação de R. palmarum com picos populacionais nos meses de julho e agosto no ecossistema de savana e de abril a setembro no ambiente de floresta. A população de R. palmarum foi menor em meses de baixa precipitação pluviométrica nos dois ambientes avaliados com a Palma de Óleo em RoraimaPopulation Fluctuation of Rhynchophorus  palmarum  L.  (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Plantations of Oil Palm in RoraimaAbstract. This research aimed to evaluate the population fluctuation Rhynchophorus palmarum L. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Elaeis guineensis Jacq plantations in forest and savanna ecosystems in the state of Roraima. The research was conducted during the period from January 2011 to February 2012 in the experimental field of Embrapa Roraima: Monte Cristo and Caroebe in an area of 2 hectares with culture Oil Palm in each field. Traps baited with rollers cane sugar and aggregation pheromone for capturing insects in the vicinity of the plantations were distributed. Fluctuation occurred R. palmarum with population peaks in the months of July and August in the savanna ecosystem and from April to September in the forest environment. The population of R. palmarum was lower in months of low rainfall in the two environments assessed with a palm-oil-in Roraima.


Author(s):  
З.А. БАРАНОВА ◽  
И.Б. КРАСИНА ◽  
С.Н. НИКОНОВИЧ ◽  
Е.И. БАРАНОВА

Совершенствование процессов модификации масел и жиров при получении жировых полуфабрикатов с оптимальными свойствами кристаллообразования является актуальным для масложирового и кондитерского производств. Существует ограниченное количество природных растительных масел с оптимальным жирнокислотным и триглицеридным составом для применения в качестве основы жировых смесей при производстве кондитерских жировых начинок. Богатые насыщенными жирными кислотами какао-масло и масло ши являются дорогостоящими жировыми компонентами со специфическими свойствами для использования в кондитерских изделиях. Между тем пальмовое масло имеет хороший баланс между насыщенными и ненасыщенными жирными кислотами. С целью снижения себестоимости жировых полуфабрикатов за счет повторной переработки образующихся промежуточных олеиновых фракций пальмового масла и получения жировых полуфабрикатов, имеющих аналогичные средней фракции пальмового масла физико-химические и структурно-механические свойства, проведено комплексное исследование физико-химических свойств и основных показателей плавления и застывания разработанных жировых композиций: температура застывания не более 23,4°C; твердость при 20°C от 43,7 до 44,7%; массовая доля триглицерида POP от 41,4 до 42,7%. Физико-химические характеристики исходных компонентов жировых полуфабрикатов, %, твердость при 20°C: промежуточной олеиновой фракции 32,5; первой стеариновой фракции 74,3; средней фракции пальмового масла 45,6. Температура плавления промежуточной олеиновой фракции 32,8°C. Получены образцы жировых полуфабрикатов для производства кондитерских жировых начинок (индекс кристаллизации от 1,9 до 2,0). Результаты исследования показали возможность создания жировых полуфабрикатов – аналогов средней фракции пальмового масла, имеющих в составе 10% промежуточной олеиновой фракции. Improvement of the processes of modification of oils and fats when obtaining fatty semi-finished products with optimal crystal formation properties is relevant for production fat and oil products and confectionery. There is a limited amount of natural vegetable oils with an optimal fatty acid and triglyceride composition for use as the basis of fatty mixtures in the production of confectionery fat fillings. Rich in saturated fatty acids, cocoa butter and shea butter are expensive fatty components with specific properties for use in confectionery. Meanwhile, palm oil has a good balance between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. In order to reduce the cost of semi-finished fat products by re-processing the formed intermediate oleic fractions of palm oil and obtaining fat semi-finished products having physicochemical and structural-mechanical properties similar to the middle fraction of palm oil, a comprehensive study of the physicochemical properties and the main indicators of melting and solidification developed fatty compositions: pour point no more than 23,4°C; hardness at 20°Cfrom 43,7 to 44,7%; mass fraction of POP triglyceride from 41,4 to 42,7%. Physical and chemical characteristics of the initial components of fatty semi-finished products, %, hardness at 20°C: intermediate oleic fraction 32,5; first stearic fraction 74,3; middle palm oil fraction 45,6. The melting point of the intermediate oleic fraction is 32,8°C. Samples of fatty semi-finished products for the production of confectionery fatty fillings (crystallization index from 1,9 to 2,0) were obtained. The results of the study showed the possibility of creating fatty semi-finished products – analogues of the mid-fraction of palm oil, which contain 10% of the intermediate oleic fraction.


Author(s):  
Ihwan Rahmadi

Palm oil palm is one of the solid waste produced by oil palm plantations every harvest. Chemical analysis of palm oil palm oil pellets showed that there are components of cellulose, hemiscellulose, and lignin that show that palm oil pellets have the opportunity to be further processed into useful and economically valuable products. Palm waste contains cellulose by 34.89%, hemiscellulose by 27.14%, and lignin by 19.87%. The analysis conducted on raw materials includes the analysis of water content and cellulose levels of palm oil palm oil. 46.6% and cellulose levels of 29.2%. In this study quantitative analysis was conducted in the form of cellulose conversion and oxalic acid yield. The largest cellulose conversion was obtained at the use of 70% nitric acid concentration and 80 minutes reaction time of 58.56%.


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