Influence of molecular structure of alcohol-water mixtures on bubble behaviour and bubble surface mobility

2018 ◽  
Vol 192 ◽  
pp. 74-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Basařová ◽  
J. Pišlová ◽  
J. Mills ◽  
S. Orvalho
2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Terry Price ◽  
Zack Taylor ◽  
Ondrej Chvala

Abstract Molten salt reactors (MSRs) are a family of advanced, generation-IV, nuclear reactors that use a circulating molten alkali fluoride fuel salt as both a primary working fluid and a fuel matrix. Since the fuel salt is liquid, gases become entrained in the fuel salt flow, and these entrained gases are called circulating voids. This paper reviews some aspects of circulating voids on reactor behavior. A formal definition of the circulating void fraction is given. A time-line of Oak Ridge reports on circulating void behavior is presented. Methods to measure the circulating void fraction are described. Foam induced by gas entrained in the fuel salt is discussed. The discovery of circulating voids in the molten salt reactor experiment (MSRE) is detailed. Aspects related to bubble size and interfacial area are reviewed. The Laplace pressure is examined. The void and pressure coefficients of reactivity are examined. Some requirements for a bubble model for xenon behavior analysis are proposed. The effects of bubble surface mobility are examined. Finally, sources of gas production in the fuel salt are investigated.


Minerals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 743
Author(s):  
Pavlína Basařová ◽  
Yuliya Kryvel ◽  
Jakub Crha

Aqueous solutions of simple alcohols exhibit many anomalies, one of which is a change in the mobility of the bubble surface. This work aimed to determine the effect of the presence of another surface-active agent on bubble rise velocity and bubble surface mobility. The motion of the spherical bubble in an aqueous solution of n-propanol and sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) was monitored by a high-speed camera. At low alcohol concentrations (xP < 0.01), both the propanol and SDS molecules behaved as surfactants, the surface tension decreased and the bubble surface was immobile. The effect of the SDS diminished with increasing alcohol concentrations. In solutions with a high propanol content (xP > 0.1), the SDS molecules did not adsorb to the phase interface and thus, the surface tension of the solution was not reduced with the addition of SDS. Due to the rapid desorption of propanol molecules from the bottom of the bubble, a surface tension gradient was not formed. The drag coefficient can be calculated using formulas for the mobile surface of a spherical bubble.


Soft Matter ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 5 (18) ◽  
pp. 3389 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikolai D. Denkov ◽  
Slavka Tcholakova ◽  
Konstantin Golemanov ◽  
K. P. Ananthpadmanabhan ◽  
Alex Lips

Langmuir ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 24 (18) ◽  
pp. 9956-9961 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Golemanov ◽  
N. D. Denkov ◽  
S. Tcholakova ◽  
M. Vethamuthu ◽  
A. Lips

2003 ◽  
Vol 91 (15) ◽  
Author(s):  
J.-H. Guo ◽  
Y. Luo ◽  
A. Augustsson ◽  
S. Kashtanov ◽  
J.-E. Rubensson ◽  
...  

Author(s):  
Wah Chiu ◽  
David Grano

The periodic structure external to the outer membrane of Spirillum serpens VHA has been isolated by similar procedures to those used by Buckmire and Murray (1). From SDS gel electrophoresis, we have found that the isolated fragments contain several protein components, and that the crystalline structure is composed of a glycoprotein component with a molecular weight of ∽ 140,000 daltons (2). Under an electron microscopic examination, we have visualized the hexagonally-packed glycoprotein subunits, as well as the bilayer profile of the outer membrane. In this paper, we will discuss some structural aspects of the crystalline glycoproteins, based on computer-reconstructed images of the external cell wall fragments.The specimens were prepared for electron microscopy in two ways: negatively stained with 1% PTA, and maintained in a frozen-hydrated state (3). The micrographs were taken with a JEM-100B electron microscope with a field emission gun. The minimum exposure technique was essential for imaging the frozen- hydrated specimens.


Author(s):  
T. S. Kuan

Recent electron diffraction studies have found ordered phases in AlxGa1-xAs, GaAsxSb1-x, and InxGa1-xAs alloy systems, and these ordered phases are likely to be found in many other III-V ternary alloys as well. The presence of ordered phases in these alloys was detected in the diffraction patterns through the appearance of superstructure reflections between the Bragg peaks (Fig. 1). The ordered phase observed in the AlxGa1-xAs and InxGa1-xAs systems is of the CuAu-I type, whereas in GaAsxSb1-x this phase and a chalcopyrite type ordered phase can be present simultaneously. The degree of order in these alloys is strongly dependent on the growth conditions, and during the growth of these alloys, high surface mobility of the depositing species is essential for the onset of ordering. Thus, the growth on atomically flat (110) surfaces usually produces much stronger ordering than the growth on (100) surfaces. The degree of order is also affected by the presence of antiphase boundaries (APBs) in the ordered phase. As shown in Fig. 2(a), a perfectly ordered In0.5Ga0.5As structure grown along the <110> direction consists of alternating InAs and GaAs monolayers, but due to local growth fluctuations, two types of APBs can occur: one involves two consecutive InAs monolayers and the other involves two consecutive GaAs monolayers.


Author(s):  
Klaus-Ruediger Peters

Topographic ultra high resolution can now routinely be established on bulk samples in cold field emission scanning electron microscopy with a second generation of microscopes (FSEM) designed to provide 0.5 nm probe diameters. If such small probes are used for high magnification imaging, topographic contrast is so high that remarkably fine details can be imaged on 2DMSO/osmium-impregnated specimens at ribosome surfaces even without a metal coating. On TCH/osmium-impregnated specimens topographic resolution can be increased further if the SE-I imaging mode is applied. This requires that beam diameter and metal coating thickness be made smaller than the SE range of ~1 nm and background signal contributions be reduced. Subnanometer small probes can be obtained (only) at high accelerating voltages. Subnanometer thin continuous metal films can be produced under the following conditions: self-shadowing effect between metal atoms must be reduced through appropriate deposition techniques and surface mobility of metal atoms must be diminished through high energy sputtering and/or specimen cooling.


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