scholarly journals Can humans perform mental regression on a graph? Accuracy and bias in the perception of scatterplots

2021 ◽  
Vol 128 ◽  
pp. 101406
Author(s):  
Lorenzo Ciccione ◽  
Stanislas Dehaene
Keyword(s):  
Mental Regression

scholarly journals Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) with and without Mental Regression is Associated with Changes in the Fecal Microbiota

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julio Plaza-Díaz ◽  
Antonio Gómez-Fernández ◽  
Natalia Chueca ◽  
María Torre-Aguilar ◽  
Ángel Gil ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Present Report ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Healthy Group ◽  
Sequencing Platform ◽  
Preliminary Results ◽  
Children With Asd ◽  
Mental Regression

New microbiome sequencing technologies provide novel information about the potential interactions among intestinal microorganisms and the host in some neuropathologies as autism spectrum disorders (ASD). The microbiota–gut–brain axis is an emerging aspect in the generation of autistic behaviors; evidence from animal models suggests that intestinal microbial shifts may produce changes fitting the clinical picture of autism. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the fecal metagenomic profiles in children with ASD and compare them with healthy participants. This comparison allows us to ascertain how mental regression (an important variable in ASD) could influence the intestinal microbiota profile. For this reason, a subclassification in children with ASD by mental regression (AMR) and no mental regression (ANMR) phenotype was performed. The present report was a descriptive observational study. Forty-eight children aged 2–6 years with ASD were included: 30 with ANMR and 18 with AMR. In addition, a control group of 57 normally developing children was selected and matched to the ASD group by sex and age. Fecal samples were analyzed with a metagenomic approach using a next-generation sequencing platform. Several differences between children with ASD, compared with the healthy group, were detected. Namely, Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria at phylum level, as well as, Actinobacteria, Bacilli, Erysipelotrichi, and Gammaproteobacteria at class level were found at higher proportions in children with ASD. Additionally, Proteobacteria levels showed to be augmented exclusively in AMR children. Preliminary results, using a principal component analysis, showed differential patterns in children with ASD, ANMR and AMR, compared to healthy group, both for intestinal microbiota and food patterns. In this study, we report, higher levels of Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria and Bacilli, aside from Erysipelotrichi, and Gammaproteobacteria in children with ASD compared to healthy group. Furthermore, AMR children exhibited higher levels of Proteobacteria. Further analysis using these preliminary results and mixing metagenomic and other “omic” technologies are needed in larger cohorts of children with ASD to confirm these intestinal microbiota changes.

scholarly journals The changing profile of infantile tremor syndrome in hilly terrain of India

2015 ◽  
Vol 06 (04) ◽  
pp. 610-612 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deeksha A. Singla ◽  
Milap Sharma ◽  
Seema Sharma ◽  
Vipin Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Infection ◽  
Skin Pigmentation ◽  
Hilly Terrain ◽  
Healthcare Burden ◽  
Laboratory Variables ◽  
Low Incidence ◽  
Sepsis Screen ◽  
Mental Regression

ABSTRACT Background: Infantile tremor syndrome (ITS) is characterized by anemia, skin pigmentation, tremors, physical, and mental regression without a defined etiopathogenesis and low incidence. Materials and Methods: We have studied 9 patients over 1 year for the changing clinical and laboratory variables of patients with ITS. Neuroregression and anemia were presented in all followed by tremors in 5 and hypotonia in 2. Result: Sepsis screen was positive in 6 and urine cultures in 2. Antibiotics were required in 6. ITS with changing parameters still significantly contributes to healthcare burden. Conclusion: It is important to screen for urinary infection and septicemia to avoid antibiotic abuse.

scholarly journals Clines in body dimensions in populations of Drosophilia subobscura

1964 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 240-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. K. Misra ◽  
E. C. R. Reeve
Keyword(s):  
Wing Length ◽  
Head Width ◽  
Mean Annual Temperature ◽  
High Positive Correlation ◽  
Thorax Length ◽  
Five Dimensions ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Length Changes ◽  
Genetic Regression ◽  
Mental Regression

Five dimensions—wing length and width, thorax length, head width and tibia length—have been measured on samples of twelve populations of Drosophila subobscura taken from different parts of the species range, extending from Scotland to Israel. The populations had been started from thirty or more pairs of flies and maintained in the laboratory for eight to eleven generations. They were reared for measurement under standard conditions, so that any differences between them must be of genetic origin. The localities from which the populations came ranged over 25° of latitude and 15° F. in mean annual temperature.The population means of the five dimensions all showed strong positive correlations with latitude and slightly lower negative correlations with mean annual temperature. There is, in consequence, a very uniform cline in the five dimensions, each increasing as we move northwards. This pattern differs from that found for essentially the same dimensions of D. robusta by Stalker & Carson (1947), where all the correlations with latitude are lower and those for head and thorax size are of opposite sign in the two species.A partial correlation analysis and reference to selection experiments suggests that there are two distinct groups of genes involved in these clines: (1) a group of genes causing increase in relative wing and leg size, and responsible for the positive correlation of these dimensions with latitude in both species, and (2) a group of general size genes causing correlated changes in all dimensions, which have been selected in opposite directions in the two species, with the result that head and thorax size increase in subobscura but decrease in robusta as latitude increases. The ratio of wing length to thorax length has a high positive correlation with latitude in both species.Further analysis of the data available on both species brings out the following points:1. In subobscura there is considerable variation between localities remaining for all dimensions when the correlations with latitude are eliminated. This component of variance is much larger in proportion to the within-locality variance in subobscura than in robusta.2. Comparison of the percentage regression coefficients of dimensions on latitude or temperature shows that individual dimensions change more rapidly in proportion to both geographical indices in subobscura, but the ratio of wing to thorax length ?changes more rapidly in robusta.3. The ‘environmental’ regression of dimension on temperature of rearing in the laboratory, measured only for robusta, is very much higher than the corresponding genetic regression between populations on mean annual temperature for all the robusta dimensions and different in sign for head and thorax size. But this environ mental regression is uniformly only about twice as high as the corresponding genetic regression for each character in subobscura. Unexpectedly, the environmental and genetic regressions on temperature of the wing/thorax length ratio are equal in robusta.4. D. subobscura is about 20% smaller in head and thorax size, and 26% less in wing width, than robusta, when both species are reared at 18° C.5. The basic within-culture variances of the five dimensions are 50–100% greater in subobscura than in robusta for all dimensions. Variability in D. melanogaster is about the same as in D. robusta.Some of the possible implications of these results are discussed.

Globoid Cell-like Leukodystrophy in a Domestic Longhaired Cat

2002 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 494-496 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. Sigurdson ◽  
R. J. Basaraba ◽  
E. M. Mazzaferro ◽  
D. H. Gould
Keyword(s):  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Periodic Acid ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Krabbe Disease ◽  
Periodic Acid Schiff ◽  
Nervous Systems ◽  
Central Nervous Systems ◽  
Mental Regression ◽  
Globoid Cell ◽  
Globoid Cells

Globoid cell leukodystrophy (GLD; Krabbe disease), is a rare heritable metabolic disorder in humans, dogs, mutant twitcher mice, and rhesus monkeys that is caused by a deficiency in the lysosomal enzyme galactocerebrosidase (GALC). GALC deficiency results in the accumulation of psychosine, which is toxic to oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells of the central and peripheral nervous systems. Clinical signs include hypotonia, mental regression, and death by 2 years of age in most human patients. Here we describe a domestic longhaired kitten with rapidly progressive neurologic disease and brain and spinal cord lesions characteristic of GLD. Pathologic hallmarks of the disease reflect the loss of oligodendrocytes and include myelin loss, gliosis, and the perivascular accumulation of large mononuclear cells with fine cytoplasmic vacuoles (globoid cells) in the peripheral and central nervous systems. Globoid cells were CD68 and ferritin positive, confirming their monocytic origin, and cytoplasmic contents were nonmetachromatic and periodic acid-Schiff positive.

Mental regression.

2006 ◽  
pp. 303-348
Author(s):  
Ralph Reed ◽  
William McDougall ◽  
Maurice Nicoll ◽  
Frederic Lyman Wells ◽  
Edmund S. Conklin
Keyword(s):  
Mental Regression

New GLB1 mutation in siblings with Morquio type B disease presenting with mental regression

2009 ◽  
Vol 96 (3) ◽  
pp. 148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabiana Quoos Mayer ◽  
Fernanda dos Santos Pereira ◽  
Anthony H. Fensom ◽  
Christina Slade ◽  
Ursula Matte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type B ◽  
Mental Regression

Familial Amaurotic Idiocy in Male German Shorthair Pointers

1967 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 223-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Karbe ◽  
B. Schiefer
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Protein Complex ◽  
Progressive Disease ◽  
Neuraminic Acid ◽  
Recessive Character ◽  
Impaired Vision ◽  
Amaurotic Idiocy ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Mental Regression

Amaurotic idiocy was recognized in a family of German shorthair pointers. The disease affected only males and their familial relation indicated that this apparently sex-linked condition was probably inherited as a recessive character. The animals developed mental regression, ataxia, and impaired vision. The progressive disease started slowly at about six months and made euthanasia necessary at the age of 10 to 18 months. One of the dogs was investigated pathologically. The characteristic lesion consisted of degeneration and enlargement of neurons throughout the central nervous system, including the retina. The cytoplasm of the neurons was engorged by a glyco-lipoid-protein complex containing neuraminic acid indicating the presence of gangliosides. The disease closely resembled late infantile familial amaurotic idiocy (Bielschowsky) in man.

scholarly journals Can humans perform mental regression? Accuracy and bias in the perception of scatterplots.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorenzo Ciccione ◽  
Stanislas Dehaene
Keyword(s):  
Human Performance ◽  
Medial Axis ◽  
Linear Trend ◽  
Regression Line ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Linear Functions ◽  
Behavioral Experiments ◽  
Deming Regression ◽  
Mental Regression ◽  
Statistical Trends

Despite the widespread use of graphs, little is known about how fast and how accurately we can extract information from them. Through a series of four behavioral experiments, we characterized human performance in “mental regression”, i.e. the perception of statistical trends from scatterplots. When presented with a noisy scatterplot, even as briefly as 100 ms, human adults could accurately judge if it was increasing or decreasing, fit a regression line, and extrapolate outside the original data range, for both linear and non-linear functions. Performance was highly consistent across those three tasks of trend judgment, line fitting and extrapolation. Participants’ linear trend judgments took into account the slope, the noise, and the number of data points, and were tightly correlated with the t-test classically used to evaluate the significance of a linear regression. However, they overestimated the absolute value of the regression slope. This bias was inconsistent with ordinary least squares (OLS) regression, which minimizes the sum of square deviations, but consistent with the use of Deming regression, which treats the x and y axes symmetrically and minimizes the Euclidean distance to the fitting line. We speculate that this fast but biased perception of scatterplots may be based on a “neuronal recycling” of the human visual capacity to identify the medial axis of a shape.

Frontoparietal Subdural Hematoma in a Child With Mental Regression

2018 ◽  
Vol 75 (6) ◽  
pp. 759 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier de las Heras ◽  
Luis Aldámiz-Echevarría ◽  
Alberto Cabrera
Keyword(s):  
Subdural Hematoma ◽  
Mental Regression
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