scholarly journals Morals and climate decision-making: insights from social and behavioural sciences

2021 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 27-35
Author(s):  
Jacqueline D Lau ◽  
Andrew M Song ◽  
Tiffany Morrison ◽  
Michael Fabinyi ◽  
Katrina Brown ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Behavioural Sciences

Recent insights into decision-making and their implications for informed consent

2018 ◽  
Vol 44 (11) ◽  
pp. 734-738 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irene M L Vos ◽  
Maartje H N Schermer ◽  
Ineke L L E Bolt
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Informed Consent ◽  
Rational Choice ◽  
Medical Practice ◽  
Real World ◽  
Ethical Principle ◽  
Traditional Theory ◽  
Choice Behaviour ◽  
Autonomous Decision ◽  
Behavioural Sciences

Research from behavioural sciences shows that people reach decisions in a much less rational and well-considered way than was often assumed. The doctrine of informed consent, which is an important ethical principle and legal requirement in medical practice, is being challenged by these insights into decision-making and real-world choice behaviour. This article discusses the implications of recent insights of research on decision-making behaviour for the informed consent doctrine. It concludes that there is a significant tension between the often non-rational choice behaviour and the traditional theory of informed consent. Responsible ways of dealing with or solving these problems are considered. To this end, patient decisions aids (PDAs) are discussed as suitable interventions to support autonomous decision-making. However, current PDAs demand certain improvements in order to protect and promote autonomous decision-making. Based on a conception of autonomy, we will argue which type of improvements are needed.

Effective Law from a Regulatory and Administrative Law Perspective

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 391-415 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria DE BENEDETTO
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Public Interest ◽  
Law And Economics ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Administrative Law ◽  
Sociology Of Law ◽  
The Public ◽  
Regulatory Perspective ◽  
Administrative Procedures ◽  
Behavioural Sciences

The question of effective law has been studied in many fields of research, such as philosophy and sociology of law, law and economics, public policy and behavioural sciences. This article aims to treat it as a genuine administrative law issue which is currently having a significant impact on administrative procedures, especially affecting the way in which rules are adopted and implemented. Furthermore, the article attempts to reconcile conflicting views in existing literature on the meaning of effective law and on which factors lead to effectiveness by proposing an integrated approach: starting from a regulatory perspective it considers both traditional determinants of effectiveness, ie compliance and enforcement, as well as the emerging aspect of outcomes, focused on the idea that a rule can be defined as effective when its desired effects have been achieved and the public interest which justifies the rule has been safeguarded without producing unwanted or disfunctional consequences.Far from being simply a decisional problem for institutions (arising in legislative, regulatory and administrative procedures), effectiveness calls for a “steering administration” and represents a criterion for decision-making, since expected effectiveness can be used in the logic of “whether” and “how” institutions should arrive at decisions.

scholarly journals Connatural Management Approach to Preparation and Development of Individuals in the Business Environment

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Ambrozová ◽  
Jiří Koleňák ◽  
Vratislav Pokorný
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Critical Thinking ◽  
Problem Solving ◽  
Business Environment ◽  
Mental Condition ◽  
Management Approach ◽  
Managerial Training ◽  
Diagnostic Research ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Behavioural Sciences

Article develops modern trends in management, using knowledge of cognitive and behavioural sciences. It presents the concept of subtle skills and a connatural management approach. It presents the results of research on the relationship between stress, mental condition and the level of critical thinking, problem solving and decision making. To achieve these goals we have used results of a psycho-diagnostic research which all participants of managerial training X-tream Management were subjected to.

scholarly journals Herding, social influence and economic decision-making: socio-psychological and neuroscientific analyses

2010 ◽  
Vol 365 (1538) ◽  
pp. 281-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle Baddeley
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Evolutionary Biology ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approach ◽  
Economic Psychology ◽  
Emotional Factors ◽  
Economic Decision Making ◽  
The Social ◽  
Mathematical Algorithms ◽  
Financial Decision ◽  
Behavioural Sciences

Typically, modern economics has steered away from the analysis of sociological and psychological factors and has focused on narrow behavioural assumptions in which expectations are formed on the basis of mathematical algorithms. Blending together ideas from the social and behavioural sciences, this paper argues that the behavioural approach adopted in most economic analysis, in its neglect of sociological and psychological forces and its simplistically dichotomous categorization of behaviour as either rational or not rational, is too narrow and stark. Behaviour may reflect an interaction of cognitive and emotional factors and this can be captured more effectively using an approach that focuses on the interplay of different decision-making systems. In understanding the mechanisms affecting economic and financial decision-making, an interdisciplinary approach is needed which incorporates ideas from a range of disciplines including sociology, economic psychology, evolutionary biology and neuroeconomics.

Techniques of project management

1982 ◽  
Vol 109 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-82
Author(s):  
A.J. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Resource Management ◽  
Human Resource Management ◽  
Human Resource ◽  
Management Practice ◽  
Management Skills ◽  
Actuarial Science ◽  
General Application ◽  
Good Management ◽  
Behavioural Sciences

This paper addresses certain aspects of management practice. As such, it is unusual if not unique in the catalogue of topics discussed by the Institute, and it is instructive to examine briefly why this may be.Firstly, management and the skills associated with its successful practice are not specifically actuarial concerns. There are numerous platforms from which one may advance theories of management practice and, because management skills are of general application, those platforms are generally broader than the technical disciplines which draw us together as members of one profession.Secondly, the opportunities for and the consequences of good management are necessarily imprecise, relating as they do to the enhancement of ventures of all kinds through the intelligent use of that most indispensable resource available to managers: the individuals on whom they can call to execute the consequences of their decision-making. The degree of imprecision is so great that the practice of management is frequently termed an art rather than a science. The net of actuarial science has a mesh of a shape to catch a number of philosophies (such as the concept of Equity) which are not purely value-based—but the philosophy of human-resource management has never been one of these, escaping from the sweep of our professional scrutiny to be caught (if at all) in the trawl of the behavioural sciences. It is certainly possible to succeed in the written examinations leading to an actuarial qualification without any consideration of the aptitudes, skills and resources needed for good management.

Psychology and aggregation in International Relations

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 166-183
Author(s):  
Ross James Gildea
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Collective Decision Making ◽  
Unresolved Issue ◽  
Armed Groups ◽  
Political Behaviour ◽  
Interdisciplinary Work ◽  
Dramatic Rise ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Behavioural Sciences

Theories of decision-making grounded in political psychology have experienced a dramatic rise in the study of International Relations. There is widespread recognition of the benefits of incorporating insights from the behavioural sciences into analyses of political behaviour. However, some scholars have argued that the theoretical and empirical scope of these perspectives remains hampered by an unresolved issue: aggregation. While the fundamental unit of interest in psychology is the individual, most International Relations models concern patterns of collective decision-making in aggregate units such as states, bureaucracies, armed groups, transnational networks and institutions. This article contributes to the aggregation debate by providing a more optimistic portrait of its implications for interdisciplinary work. I argue that aggregation may be an overstated problem in International Relations and that a disciplinary preoccupation with it may hinder rather than pave the way for interdisciplinary theorizing.

scholarly journals Adversarial manipulation of human decision-making

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amir Dezfouli ◽  
Richard Nock ◽  
Peter Dayan
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
General Framework ◽  
Network Models ◽  
Neural Network Models ◽  
Human Choice ◽  
Choice Processes ◽  
Behavioural Patterns ◽  
Human Decision ◽  
Adversarial Examples ◽  
Behavioural Sciences

AbstractAdversarial examples are carefully crafted input patterns that are surprisingly poorly classified by artificial and/or natural neural networks. Here we examine adversarial vulnerabilities in the processes responsible for learning and choice in humans. Building upon recent recurrent neural network models of choice processes, we propose a general framework for generating adversarial opponents that can shape the choices of individuals in particular decision-making tasks towards the behavioural patterns desired by the adversary. We show the efficacy of the framework through two experiments involving action selection and response inhibition. We further investigate the strategy used by the adversary in order to gain insights into the vulnerabilities of human choice. The framework may find applications across behavioural sciences in helping detect and avoid flawed choice.

scholarly journals 22.B. Workshop: Behavioural insights and public health

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Health Policy ◽  
Knowledge Translation ◽  
Behaviour Change ◽  
Public Health Policy ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Behavioural Insights ◽  
Behaviour Change Counselling ◽  
Behavioural Sciences

Abstract Many of today's most pressing public health challenges have a strong behavioural component. Behavioural, psychosocial, and environmental factors play a major role in the development and progression of chronic diseases. Eliminating those risks would make it possible to prevent at least 80% of cardiovascular diseases, 75% of diabetes, and 40% of cancers. Behavioural insights provide an empirically informed perspective on how individuals make decisions, including the important recognition that even subtle changes in the environment can have meaningful impacts on behaviour. This workshop will provide examples from the literature and recent government initiatives that incorporate concepts from behavioural sciences in order to improve health, decision-making, and government efficiency. The examples highlight the potential for behavioural sciences to improve the effectiveness of public health policy at low cost. Although incorporating insights from behavioural sciences into public health policy has the potential to improve population health, its integration into government public health programs and policies requires careful design and continual evaluation of such interventions. Limitations and drawbacks of the approach will be discussed. The aim of this workshop is to broaden our understanding of measures that have originated from behavioural sciences and have a lot to offer to public health. This workshop also seeks to contribute to capacity building in knowledge translation and evidence-informed decision-making in public health. The workshop will consist of five presentations providing an overview of topical issues in the field of behaviour change and knowledge translation, followed by an interactive audience discussion. The first presentations will provide insights into current behaviour change theories. The second presentation will discuss the possibilities of using behaviour change principles in the development and adoption of health policies showcasing the recently adopted Canadian Association of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation Guide and the Food Guide. The third presentation will highlight the challenges in tackling physician's ability to effectively conduct behaviour change counselling with their patients in the context of chronic disease prevention. The fourth presentation will introduce the free academic meta-search engine - Motrial, which has a great potential in evaluating the randomized controlled trials and fuelling meta-analyses and systematic reviews in return of better quality. The fifth presentation will introduce a novel WHO/Europe guide on brief interventions for NCDs risk factors. Further to the reflection on the current knowledge base, an audience discussion will give attendees the opportunity to share their opinions regarding challenges and opportunities in behaviour change and knowledge translation to improve people's health and well-being. Key messages The application of behavioural insights into public health has its opportunities and challenges. Because behavioural insights is a very promising, yet a relatively new field, the research literature remains thin, and policy can sometimes get ahead of science.

Discarding optimality: Throwing out the baby with the bathwater?

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Simen ◽  
Fuat Balcı
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Perceptual Decision Making ◽  
Reward Rate ◽  
Perceptual Decision ◽  
Standard Observer ◽  
Rate Maximization ◽  
Reward Rate Maximization ◽  
Descriptive Standard ◽  
Observer Model

AbstractRahnev & Denison (R&D) argue against normative theories and in favor of a more descriptive “standard observer model” of perceptual decision making. We agree with the authors in many respects, but we argue that optimality (specifically, reward-rate maximization) has proved demonstrably useful as a hypothesis, contrary to the authors’ claims.

LPCD framework: Analytical tool or psychological model?

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Danks
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Analytical Tool ◽  
Mathematical Framework ◽  
Bayesian Decision ◽  
Perceptual Decision Making ◽  
Psychological Model ◽  
Psychological Reality ◽  
Psychological Theories ◽  
Target Article ◽  
Bayesian Decision Making

AbstractThe target article uses a mathematical framework derived from Bayesian decision making to demonstrate suboptimal decision making but then attributes psychological reality to the framework components. Rahnev & Denison's (R&D) positive proposal thus risks ignoring plausible psychological theories that could implement complex perceptual decision making. We must be careful not to slide from success with an analytical tool to the reality of the tool components.

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